Plato s Views On The Philosophy Of Human Nature - 1984 Words

In this essay, I will debate two different stances on the philosophy of Human nature. The first philosophical position that I will evaluate comes from the perspective of the Athenian philosopher, Plato. First and foremost, Plato’s views integrate the idea of dualism. Dualism, in this regard, means that there is a clear separation of the immaterial substance (the mind) and the material substance (the body). Plato views the soul as the entity or part of us that has the ability to reason and allows us to be rational. Therefore, the soul and reason go hand in hand. The soul works and reasons best under conditions in which it is the furthest removed from the body as possible (Phaedo). Thus, Plato views the body as a hindrance to the mind and soul in the sense that the body and its connection to the phenomenal/physical world deceive the mind in the world of ideas (â€Å"Plato’s Republic†). Plato conveys this in one of his dialogues, in which Socrates says, â€Å"Then he will do this most perfectly who approaches the object with thought alone, without associating any sight with his thought, or dragging in any sense perception with his reasoning†¦ freeing himself†¦from the whole body, because the body confuses the soul and does not allow it to acquire truth and wisdom whenever it is associated with it† (â€Å"Notes on Plato’s Phaedo†). Thus, Plato deduces that the body, along with our physical senses (touch, smell, sight, sound, taste) is like a prison to the mind (â€Å"Plato’s Republic†). The betterShow MoreRelatedPersonal Philosophy : Al Farabi1684 Words   |  7 PagesAl Farabi’s philosophy was heavily influenced by Greek philosophy just like how western philosophy was influenced by Greek philosophy. Specifically, Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates were the main Greek influencers of Al Farabi. Al Farabi as well as Ibn Sina have been recognized as Peripatetics or rationalists. The best known Ara bic source for Al Farabi s political philosophy is his work titled The Virtuous City. In many of Al Farabi’s philosophical works the practical use of philosophy is a majorRead MoreConfucianism, Hinduism, Buddhism, And Platonism1045 Words   |  5 PagesEssay One Brian Munoz Philosophy 10/23/15 What Are We - What are we? In this essay, I’ll be comparing and contrasting the four views of human nature that we have studied so far – Confucianism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Platonism – critically examining their similarities and differences. Also, I’ll be explaining which one I think provides the most plausible understanding of what we are. First, I will introduce each of the four views of human nature by defining them. Then, I will elaborate and thoroughlyRead MorePolitical Philosophy, By Steven Cahn1197 Words   |  5 PagesIn Steven Cahn s book, Political Philosophy, The Essential Texts, philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau created the circumstances to enable the fundamental principals of philosophy and politics. These knowledgeable, astute and significant men have helped to achieve the structure of our past and present democracy as well as a plan of action for the rights and values that we as citizens can all relate to tod ay. They are grounded in their thinking and tied togetherRead MorePlato s Interpretation Of Utopia1630 Words   |  7 PagesPlato and Aristotle shared many differences despite also sharing a teacher student relationship. This essay will strive to establish their understandings of reason and the role reason plays in their comprehensions of politics, differentiating between the kinds of reason and politics produced as a result. Plato is regarded as the first writer of political philosophy while Aristotle is recognised as the first political scientist. Plato’s interpretation of Utopia is founded upon the existence of threeRead MoreWhat Is The Purpose Of Life?1619 Words   |  7 PagesPurpose Of Life? Probably the MVP of questions, What is the purpose of life?, Has come across all of mankinds thought s some time or another and for each individual, it is plausible that they pondered this topic on numerous occasions throughout their life s. Many people find solace in their religions, others look to the ancients and the stars, while some, just trust in nature. Maybe within all of these outlooks, you can find truths about the meaning of life, but is the meaning or purpose of lifeRead MoreSocrates And Aristotle s Life1491 Words   |  6 Pagesrather than upon mere survival. The earliest accounts of human history chronicle the struggle for survival against all odds. It is therefore remarkable that roughly 2400 years ago the question of virtue was raised, let alone contemplated at great length, forming a foundation upon which Western philosophers build to the present day. Socrates and Aristotle were two key individuals credited for their roles in the advent of Classical philosophy. Men in ancient Greece lived relatively privileged livesRead MoreThe And Nature Of The Ancients And The Stars1618 Words   |  7 PagesProbably the MVP of questions, What is the purpose of life?, has come across all human beings thought s some time or another and for each individual they most likely pondered this topic on many occasions throughout their life s. Many people find solace in their religions, others look to the ancients and the stars, while some just trust in nature. Maybe within all of these outlooks you can find truths about the meaning of life, but is the meaning or purpose of life the same for each individualRead MoreEssay on Boethius and Platos God1026 Words   |  5 PagesPlato was born in Athens, Greece around 427 B.C. He was always interested in politics, until he witnessed his mentor and teacher, Socrates, death. After learning of the callousness of politics, Plato changed his mind and eventually opened up The Academy, which is considered if not the first, on e of the first Universities. Students at the Academy studied many different fields of science, including biological and astronomical. The students also studied many other fields, such as math. Plato developedRead MoreA Holistic And Spiritual Treatment Essay1473 Words   |  6 Pagesby which nurses take care of patients as human beings. I believe that patients are best taken care of when nurses handle them in such a way that humans need to be taken care of: through a holistic and spiritual treatment. By rationalizing humanistic nursing theories with theories of human nature, such as dualism and existentialism, as well as perceiving man as an embodied spirit and a relational being, a more holistic approach is given to a patient as a human being. In the professional setting, knowingRead MoreThe Republic By Plato And The Prince By Machiavelli1617 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough written nearly two centuries apart, The Republic by Plato and The Prince by Machiavelli offer important views on political philosophies of rulers. Plato writes of a perfect society where status as ruler is naturally selected through innate abilities. These abilities are used to sustain the society, better it, and preserve it. Machiavelli writes of a society where anyone can be a prince; which for our purposes is a synonym for ruler, if they follow his instructions. These instructions are

Should drug addicted mothers be sterilized - 2460 Words

Should Drug Addicted Mothers be Sterilized? Sterilization is the surgical process after which a person can no longer reproduce. The process in permanent and irreversible. It is a choice for people but laws are considering to enforce it on the unfortunate group of drug-addicted mothers. The drug-addicted mothers are wholly held responsible for the Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS), a group of problems that a new born has to face because the mother was dependant on illegal or prescribed drugs. The baby becomes addicted with the mother, and is still dependent on drug at the time of birth. With an increase in the number of babies born addicted to drugs, the lawmakers considered forced sterilization upon drug-addicted mothers as the†¦show more content†¦(2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author†, Article 29 â€Å"(2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject o nly to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society. (3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations†, Article 30 â€Å"Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein† † (Charter, United Nations, Chapter III: Organs.). A person might argue, how do these international laws protect human rights for drug-addicted- mothers? The answer for this question lies in the foundation of these laws. Overtime, treaties are considering to address issues regarding social groups that requireShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Not For Sale 1888 Words   |  8 PagesChildren who are being born from drug-addicted mothers often suffer from serious consequences that may affect them for the rest of their lives. Barbara Harris is a foster mother who took in three children from a drug-addicted mother and this experience influenced her to make an effort to prevent drug-addicted women from getting pregnant. She created an organization called CRACK (Children Requiring A Caring Kommunity), which offers $200 to drug addicts who agree to get sterilized or undergo long-term contraceptionRead MoreProject Prevention : A Non Profit Organization1413 Words   |  6 Pagescurrent and former drug addicted men and women an incentive of $300 to commit to use a form of birth control, options include an IUD, oral contraceptives, Depo-Provera or agree to sterilization. Barbara Harris, which is the founder of Project Prevention, adopted four children from the same drug addicted women who could not take care of her children. Barbara Harris cam e up with the idea of the organization when she could not get legislation passes that would have mothers of drug addicted babies be forcedRead MoreDoes Everything Have A Price?947 Words   |  4 Pagesthe right price for their time, but a matter of â€Å"national security† and no one is exempt from the procedures put in place to protect everyone. There is a large amount of pieces that have to come together to get the plane off the ground and waiting should be expected. Safety is not a commodity, but a responsibility shared by everyone and the only way to continue that guarantee is to check everyone thoroughly without offering them to pay to get out of the hassle. While this is a safety issue, notRead MoreThe Role Of Sterilization On The Individual1900 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Psychological Impact of Sterilization on the Individual,† â€Å"and possess inalienable rights† (45). However, some people would disagree because of how our country has changed since it has become a country. People do not have the freedom in which some believe we should have. In addition, we have advanced beyond most other countries when it comes to opportunities for our people. According to the authors of â€Å"Federally Funded Sterilization: Time to Rethink Policy,† Sonya Borrero, Nikki Zite, and Mitchell D. Creinin:Read MoreEugenics, Eugenics And Selective Breeding2034 Words   |  9 Pagesepileptic, diseased, blind, deaf, deformed, promiscuous or dependent by the state were able to be sterilized by a physician without consent. Although sterilization wasn’t widely supported until the 1920’s, at least 12 states had already passed laws in regards to sterilizing unfit persons. By 1924, nearly 3000 people had been sterilized; 2400 of them were sterilized in California. The states that sterilized the most people involuntarily before the repealing of the laws in 1977 were California, VirginiaRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageskeep Asians 40 †¢ CHAPTER 1 out of white settler nations around the Pacific. By the 1920s, these techniques had developed into widely accepted principles that migration control was the unilateral prerogative of receiving nations and should properly happen at borders. The modern passport system and common forms of legislation and documentation also began to circulate around the world at that time.65 Since then, the most notable development of these laws has been the constant expansion

Organizational Theory Determinants of Structure Free Essays

The objective here is to understand why organizations have the structure that they do. By â€Å"structure† I mean things like degree and type of horizontal differentiation, vertical differentiation, mechanisms of coordination and control, formalization, and centralization of power. See handouts page for more information on organizational structure. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Theory: Determinants of Structure or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Taylor, Fayol, Weber and other classical theorists, there is a single best way for organization to be structured. Yet organizations vary considerably on structural attributes. The objective of much research has been to understand what determines these variations. Is it random or systematic? Are some organizations simply less perfect than others, or are different designs better for different situations? Contingency Theory In contrast to the classical scholars, most theorists today believe that there is no one best way to organize.What is important is that there be a fit between the organization’s structure, its size, its technology, and the requirements of its environment. This perspective is known as â€Å"contingency theory† and contrasts with the perspective of classical theorists like Weber, Taylor, Fayol, etc. who thought that there probably was one way to run organizations that was the best. Size This refers to capacity, number of personnel, outputs (customers, sales), resources (wealth). Blau’s studies show that differentiation (# of levels, departments, job titles) increases with size, but at a decreasing rate.In contrast, the % of the organization that is involved in administrative overhead declines with size, leading to economies of scale. Increasing size is also related to increased structuring of organizations activities but decreased concentration of power. Managerial practices, such as flexibility in personnel assignments, extent of delegation of authority, and emphasis on results rather than procedures, are related to the size of the unit managed. Technology/Task Consider check processing at a bank. This activity is usually performed by a business unit that is highly formalized, has a great deal of specialization and division of labor, and high centralization of decision-making. In contrast, the creative section of an ad agency is usually not formalized at all, the division of labor is often blurry, and it is highly decentralized. It appears that certain activities naturally â€Å"go with† certain structures. Joan Woodward found that by knowing an organization’s primary system of production, you could predict their structure:Unit production/small batch. Companies that make one-of-a-kind custom products, or small quantities of products (e. g. , ship building, aircraft manufacture, furniture maker, tailors, printers of engraved wedding invitation, surgical teams). In these companies, typically, people’s skills and knowledge is more important than the the machines used. Relatively expensive to operate: work process is unpredictable, hard to pre-program or automate. Flat organization (few levels of hierarchy). Ceo has low span of control (direct reports).Relatively low percentage of managers Organic structure (see handout) Mass production/large batch. Companies that sell huge volumes of identical products (e. g. , cars, razor blades, aluminum cans, toasters). Make heavy use of automation and assembly lines. Typically, bigger than small batch Taller hierarchies bottom level is huge (supervisor span of control is 48) Relatively greater number of managers (because hierarchy is so tall) Mechanistic, bureaucratic structure Relatively cheap to operate Continuous Production.Primarily companies that refine liquids and powders (e. g. , chemical companies, oil refineries, bakeries, dairies, distilleries/breweries, electric power plants). Machines do everything, humans just monitor the machines and plan changes. These organizations are tall and thin or even inverted pyramid: almost nobody at the bottom At the very top there is an organic structure Lower levels more mechanistic, but because machines do everything, there is not much paper work, low level supervision, etc.Chick Perrow ’67 looked at how the frequency and type of exceptions that occurred during production affected structure. Two types of exceptions: (a) can be solved via orderly, analytic search process (like mechanic fixing car), (b) no analytic framework, rely on intuition, guesswork (like advertising, film-making, fusion research). Few Exceptions Many Exceptions Un-analyzable pottery, specialty glass, motel room artwork; plumbing; computer technical support (craftwork) routine work, but when problems crop up, it is hard o figure what to do film making; aerospace; (non routine research) tasks that no one really knows how to do: work on intuition, implicit knowledge Analyzable routine, like screws; (routine manufacturing ) the few problems that occur are usually easy to understand custom machinery, building dams; (engineering production) the application of well-known principles and technologies to lots of new and different situations It turns out that bottom left organizations (analyzable and few exceptions) tend to be highly centralized and formalized — in short, bureaucracies.Bureaucracies are the best possible organizational form when the task is well-understood, and how to best execute it can be specified in advance. At the other extreme, the top right organizations (unanalyzable and many exceptions) are not well handled by bureaucracies. There are so many exceptions and new situations that having a set of formal procedures which specify how to handle every situation is out of the question. Organizations in this box tend to be highly decentralized and use informal means of coordination and control. The reasons have to do with human bounded rationality. Bounded rationality refers to the fact that since humans have limited brain capacity, we cannot always find the absolute optimal solution to a given problem — we only have the time and capacity to consider a few possible solutions, and choose the best among those. But we can’t consider all possible solutions. ) Really complex systems are difficult to pre-plan: there are too many contingencies. We simply can’t figure it all out. Need to allow for real-time, flexible adjustment. Environment Adaptation Organizations actively adapt to their environments.For example, organizations facing complex, highly uncertain environments typically differentiate so that each organizational unit is facing a smaller, more certain problem. for example, if Japanese tastes in cars are quite different from American tastes, it is really hard to make a single car that appeals to both markets. It is easier to create two separate business units, one that makes cars for the Japanese market, and the other that makes cars for the US market. Natural Selection Organizations whose structures are not fitted to the environment (which includes other organizations, communities, customers, governments, etc. will not perform well and will fail. Most new organizations fail within the first few years. If the environment is stable, this selection process will lead to most organizations being well-adapted to the environment, not because they all changed themselves, but because those that were not well-adapted will have died off. Dependence The economy is a giant network of organizations linked by buying and selling relationships. Every company has suppliers (inputs) and customers (outputs). Every company is dependent on both their suppliers and their customers for resources and money.To the extent that a company needs it’s suppliers less than they need it, the company has power. That is, power is a function of asymmetric mutual dependence. Dependence is itself a function of the availability of alternative supply. A depends on B to the extent that there are few alternatives to B that are available to A. Dependence is also a function of how much A needs what B has got. If the Post It’s company starts to play hardball with you, and there are no good alternatives, it’s still not a big deal because Post It’s are just not that important.Organizations that have power over others are able to impose elements of structure on them. For example, GM is famous for imposing accounting systems, cost controls, manufacturing techniques on their suppliers. The sets of entities in an organization’s environment that play a role in the organization’s health and performance, or which are affected by the organization, are called stakeholders. Stakeholders have interests in what the organization does, and may or may not have the power to influence the organization to protect their interests. Stakeholders are varied and their interests may coincide on some issues and not others.Therefore you find stakeholders both cooperating with each other in alliances, and competing with each other. Figure 1. Unconnected stakeholders. When stakeholders are unconnected to each other (as in Figure 1), the organization usually has an easier time of playing the different parties off one another. For example, it can represent its goals and needs differently to each stakeholder, without fear of being found out. Or, such competitive stakeholders into outbidding each other (e. g. , a university can tel one alumnus that another alumnus is about to give a huge donation).Furthermore, when the stakeholders are unconnected, they cannot coordinate their efforts, and so have trouble controlling the organization. Figure 2. Well-connected stakeholders. In contrast, when the stakeholders are well-connected (as in Figure 2), the organization cannot represent itself differently to each one, or it will be found out. Furthermore, if the bonds among the stakeholders are closer than the bonds with the organization, the stakeholders may side with each other against the organization, and won’t act in ways that negatively affect other stakeholders. Institutionalization Under conditions of uncertainty, organizations imitate others that appear to be successful. In other words, if nobody really knows what makes a movie successful, and then somebody has a blockbuster hit, everybody else copies the movie, and the organizational structure that produced the movie, hoping that they will get the same results. This can cause whole industries to adopt similar structural features. One reason why this happens is the fear of litigation or simply blame.If several well-known, successful companies start adopting some new management style — say, self-governing teams — and you don’t because you know its not appropriate for your company, and then things start to go wrong for your company, people will say ‘see? you should have adopted self-governing teams. we told you so’. So to avoid that, if the top companies in a field all adopt some new style, then all the others do to to avoid being blamed. In addition, diffusion of ideas due to personnel transfer and professional school training can create uniformity as well. How to cite Organizational Theory: Determinants of Structure, Papers

Coroners Report Analysis Toowoomba Base Hospital

Question: Describe about the Coroners Report Analysis for Toowoomba Base Hospital. Answer: Introduction Coroners report has been used to provide information about the case of Katie Lee Howman who worked as a Registered Nurse in Toowoomba Base hospital and was involved in handling critical situations in the hospital. Based on this information, Katie knew about nursing interventions that could be used for different health conditions. The report states that Katie was married and got two young children. She died in her home while injecting herself with opioid drugs known as Fentanyl. This drug is usually used as an anesthetic to help people who are undergoing surgery to reduce the intensity of pain felt. The detection of this drug into the body of Katie was developed by a pathologist, Dr. Roger Guard. This was the only opioid detected in her body, but some other contents of drugs were detected too, which include citalopram, levetiracetam, and ibuprofen. These drugs are used as antidepressants, anticonvulsant and anti-inflammatory, showing that Katie had several problems that she needed cur b, including severe pain (Jensen, 2009). Therefore, based on the doctors views, she had abused these drugs. Katie was addicted to intravenous drug abuse (Fentanyl), and her death was the outcome of pathophysiological changes caused by long-term use of this drug. For instance, Fentanyl is a drug that is used as an aesthetic, and it is sometimes misused as a drug. Also, if a person uses it as a drug for a long duration, just as Katie was using, it is usually addictive, and it can force any user to use it continuously. Further, the pathologist indicated that these drugs were reacting to the body of Mrs. Heath, thus creating crystals into her vessels. These crystals in the vessels led to the problem of blood flow into the vessels. This meant that her lungs were also straining to oxygenate the blood because there was not sufficient flow of blood into the vessels (Ballantyne, 2006). Therefore, the doctor continued to make conclusions that granuloma effect in the lungs is always an indication that there is foreign substance into the body (McAuliffe, 2016). These results showed that the presence o f the drug substances was reacting with the body and they had not performed the function Katie was perceiving. After analyzing the autopsy findings, Dr. Hall stated that there was a significant number of people who had died of an opioid overdose because it is addictive as determined by National Institute of Drug Abuse (2016). After confirming that Mrs. Howman had died of Fentanyl overdose, he noted that the prevalence of people who died of the same was high and it was not a strange observation in their recent diagnosis (Aronson, 2010). This paper has been developed to create a review of Coroners report about the death of Katie Lee. Discussion of Medical and Nursing Practice Documentation and Communication Documentation and communication regarding administration of medication play an outstanding role not only in safe medicine practice to patients but also serve as a guiding tool to Paramedical staff for safe medicine handling( prevents misuse of addictive drugs). On the one hand, proper documentation ensures that the five rights of administration of medication have been addressed that is right patient, right drug, right dose, right time and right route of administration. On the other hand, illegal practices among health care members related to potentially addictive drugs are also identified and controlled by documentation and Communication. In this context also, there was a lack of policies and procedures for safe medicine handling by health care providers. However, in order to ensure the safety of both the nurse and the patients, there should be some policies and procedures to follow. For example, in Western Australia, a code of practice for handling Schedule 8 medicine (Drug of addiction) has been launched. This practice follows The Poisons Act 1964 and Poison Regulations 1965. Actually, every effort is made to ensure safe medicine practice by staff members. Whether it is the person who prescribes medication (Medical Practitioners) or the person who administer it (Registered Nurses and Enrolled Nurses), they have to meet a set of standards (Board of Australia, 2016). For example, only authorized or registered medical practitioner can prescribe medication. Additionally, the prescription should be in the written form of organization chart along with the signature. Not only this, each location within the hospital premise s supposed to have a separate register for record keeping of addictive drugs. Further, these drugs are inventoried on a monthly basis to identify and control tampering of drugs. Thereby, every hospital should follow certain policies and procedures to ensure safe medicine handling by the staff. Ethical Decision-Making The ethical dilemma is a situation where Nurses and other heath practitioner find difficulty in providing ethically sound care to the patients because of some influencing factors. There are always some factors which do not let them make ethically sound decisions for improving the quality of care being given to the patient. In this context, I found the hospital in an ethical dilemma with regard to providing efficient care to their patients. Firstly, Katie health condition was not allowing her to give appropriate care to the patients. Organisation has also found some evidence around it. For example, poor management of workload by Katie (complaint by a staff member). Additionally, one time she was not fair in Documentation with regard to patient care. She gave the medication but forget to document it. However, Documentation and communication are one of the important methods to direct or guide safe and effective patient care (Epstein and Turner, 2015). State An Ethical Problem An ethical dilemma rose where the hospital had to ensure the safety (nonmaleficence) as well as the quality of care being given to the patient. At the same time, they had to address Mental and physical health issues which Katie was experiencing by respectingthe autonomy (freedom to work in a suitable work environment like low care setting)principle as well. Additional Information Collection And Analysis Of The Problem Katie's health condition was not investigated properly. Despite being reported many times, she was working as a Critical Care Nurse who was a very demanding work for her. At the same time, patient safety was at risk. Alternatives One of the best alternatives could be Detection and control of these types of issue as early as possible with the help of strategies, such as routine dope test every 4-6 months for each employee to detect any drug addiction. Working closely and delicately to the issue that Katie was experiencing thus providing suitable work environment (Low care) where she would not have access to Fentanyl as well as less demand by her body to take medicine. Additionally, the organization could have arranged counseling session for her to find the root cause behind drug addiction. Hence arrangement of better interventions could be possible. Selecting Best Alternative The second alternative is more appropriate Required Strategies To Implement It AN Organisation's manager plays a very crucial role in addressing these types of issues. Attitude, feelings and understanding of the manager towards these sorts of issues found around nursing care play crucial role in determining the perspective of all another staff member. Thus, a strong need is felt on the part of managers to be more efficient in their role as a facilitator in this type of situations. Thereby, Australian Board of Nursing and Midwifery need to understand the complexities behind the phenomenon and make policies to make sure that managers are performing well in this type of situations. Advocacy According to Kirby (1995), Advocacy is basically supporting patients right. Its scope range from acknowledging the patient about their rights as a patient (Patient education) to actually helping them to have the right kind of care delivered to them (Coordinating with managing authority to acknowledge any issue found in the patient care because of the negligence of another staff member). In Katies case, she herself was a patient, and her colleagues are supposed to take relevant actions for her. In the mentioned scenario, neither any staff nurses nor Katie herself recognized the rights for receiving special kind of care and circumstances from managing authority. It's against the code of ethics provided by Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia as well as the benefits mentioned in Job letter of most of the Organisation. It is promised that every employee has the right to choose suitable working arrangements in specific circumstances. Furthermore, under special circumstances such as incompetent care, physical and mental health issues, special care is provided without any undue judgment and discrimination. Thus, an organization not only respects the right of Autonomy and respect for the patient but for its employee also. Despite this fact, Katies health issues have not been advocated. As a result, confusion arises on the part of organization culture which will be explained further. Mrs. Howmans medical condition was not advocated with the highest level of professionalism and care from the doctors she visited. The only step that was taken towards that issue was to prescribe drugs that were thought to reduce or curb the pain but not to cure the real issue she was suffering. Almost all the drugs that she was advised to use were addictive, and the medical practitioners did not take care of the fact the Katie was also vulnerable to the drugs, and she could be addicted. She needed a great support in dealing with the condition of severe pain that she was experiencing throughout her life. These reasons led to the misuse and overdose of the medications she thought of caring in nature. Leadership and Management Leadership is about supporting co-workers. It involves moving forward for helping patient, family, and Nurses to recognize and attain their rights. This aspect of managing Katies condition was very much similar to Advocacy where Nurses act for nurses. Nurses working with the Katie should have advocated for the safety of both patient and Nurses. Nevertheless, they report about the Katie and thereby protected patients safety; no one stands out for Katies Autonomy. This might be the reason that management did not take quick and reasonable steps to address her problem. Management only reported to APHRA for two times. The supervision and the investigation system employed for detecting substance abuse by Katy were not good as well. The management of Katies condition was not up to the standards because the people who were involved in stabilizing her condition were not informed about her medical history. For instance, Dr. Phillipson was not aware of the fact that Katie was using a sterile needle to inject herself with such drugs. This fact affected the success of psychiatric treatment that the doctor was offering to Mrs. Howman after she abused the drugs in January 2010. Further, As per AHPRAs directions, Katie supposed to undergo urine screening that determines the type of drugs that she was using. She was also supposed to be supervised to avoid illegal use of drugs in the hospital. However, in this situation the circumstances were different. When they noticed consistent screening results, they assumed that she had stopped abusing drugs. This was a wrong decision to make because she was still experiencing the hip pain, which means that she could still use the Fentanyl drugs to reduce the pain in cases where tram adol among other prescribed drugs was not functioning well. Next, Toowoomba organization had not developed a culture of developing a medical history for their employees that could assist in any situations needed. Therefore, it can be stated that the hospital did not have effective and efficient management that could handle their employees perfectly. There was a great need of improvement on the way they handled issues affecting their employees, for example, Katies case. Organisational Culture On the basis of personal experience, organizational culture involves feelings, attitudes, understanding and most importantly perspective of managing authority for maintaining job satisfaction and mental health of the employees. For this different method are employed such as frequent communication between the team leader and the Nurse, policies and procedures like non-judgemental behavior towards any types of dispute or specific needs of employees, anonymous complaining system, etc. Interestingly, this helps in retaining employees too. In this scenario, there might be a lack of communication between Katie and the senior Nurse or Team leader that prevented her problems to be addressed. Secondly, Katie's work environmental might be unsuitable for her (too much workload and physical or mental health issues would have affected her performance on the floor). However, no any concern has been shown from either colleagues or senior staff members for her miserable condition. Thus, many uncertainties arise about the organizational culture for addressing these types of issues where the organization is unable to address as well as manage the specific needs of some employees. Worth to mention here is the organizational culture role in these types of scenarios. According to Zachariadou, Zannetos, and Pavlakis (2013), sometimes it is organizational culture itself which promotes mental health issues in nursing staff because of many reasons. For example, increase the workload on employees, unfair policies of the organization which includes not concerning employees complaints such as bullying or mental torture by another staff member in the situations like drug addiction or alcoholism by staff Nurses. Consequently, organization culture has also influenced the way Katies case was handled. Coroners Findings Coroner scrutinized this issue of Katie by ensuring that every relevant information was put across thus paving the way for justice. In this case, the medical report of Katie was established that shown almost all the conditions that were related to her death. It was found that Katie had severe pains in hips that troubled her very much and she was always finding a solution to the issue. In the process of seeking medical assistance, she was prescribed to drugs that would reduce the severity of the pains, though they turned up to be addictive (Rave and Larsen, 1995). It was not within her understanding that these drugs would be addictive. Therefore, she reached a level that she could not live without the drugs, and it was observed by several people in her workplace. At some point, a nurse in the hospital observed that Katie had used the sterile needle in the washrooms though they were unsuccessful to find out the chemical contents of the syringe. The coroner also found that the Australia n Health Practitioner Regulations Authority (AHPRA) had been informed about her behaviors and ordered the hospital management to observe her behaviors check out if she was abusing any drug substance (Stannard, Coupe, and Pickering, 2007). The Coroners findings finally declared that Katie dies of Fentanyls injections that were termed as overdose and reactions according to the autopsy findings. Later after Dr. Phillipson retired from his work where he was serving Katie, the general practitioner who was left to take care of her found out that she was hardly living with opioids based on her confession. This was clear evidence that Katie was addicted and she need great medical support to help her fight the addiction. Although she has always been denying to be abusing an illicit substance, the fact that she could not live without the opioids affirmed the abuse (Medlineplus.gov, 2016). The coroner also found out that the Heath was not much informed about the health condition although he knew about the pains. He had never found out that her wife was using opioid (Fentanyl) to reduce the pains she was experiencing, which was against doctors prescriptions (Ruzycki and Yarema, 2016). Lack of information and evidence about the mi suse of opioids by Katie led to great surprise when the family and friends learned about her death. Recommendations The health organizations among other firms should understand that it is their responsibility to monitor the statuses of their employees. This will ensure that cases such as Katies are minimal in the society and peoples medical conditions are handled effectively. The misuse of opioids in the community needs also to be monitored to reduce the prevalence of use and protect the society from losing more people because of the same issue. Finally, it is important to inform relatives or guardians about perceived health issues, and this should also be advised by the medical practitioners to help them manage their conditions more efficiently. References American Nurses Association, (2016). Healthy Nurse, Healthy Nation. [Online] Nursingworld.org. Available at: https://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/WorkplaceSafety/Healthy-Nurse [Accessed 30 Oct. 2016]. Aronson, J. (2010). Meyler's side effects of analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 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