Plato s Views On The Philosophy Of Human Nature - 1984 Words

In this essay, I will debate two different stances on the philosophy of Human nature. The first philosophical position that I will evaluate comes from the perspective of the Athenian philosopher, Plato. First and foremost, Plato’s views integrate the idea of dualism. Dualism, in this regard, means that there is a clear separation of the immaterial substance (the mind) and the material substance (the body). Plato views the soul as the entity or part of us that has the ability to reason and allows us to be rational. Therefore, the soul and reason go hand in hand. The soul works and reasons best under conditions in which it is the furthest removed from the body as possible (Phaedo). Thus, Plato views the body as a hindrance to the mind and soul in the sense that the body and its connection to the phenomenal/physical world deceive the mind in the world of ideas (â€Å"Plato’s Republic†). Plato conveys this in one of his dialogues, in which Socrates says, â€Å"Then he will do this most perfectly who approaches the object with thought alone, without associating any sight with his thought, or dragging in any sense perception with his reasoning†¦ freeing himself†¦from the whole body, because the body confuses the soul and does not allow it to acquire truth and wisdom whenever it is associated with it† (â€Å"Notes on Plato’s Phaedo†). Thus, Plato deduces that the body, along with our physical senses (touch, smell, sight, sound, taste) is like a prison to the mind (â€Å"Plato’s Republic†). The betterShow MoreRelatedPersonal Philosophy : Al Farabi1684 Words   |  7 PagesAl Farabi’s philosophy was heavily influenced by Greek philosophy just like how western philosophy was influenced by Greek philosophy. Specifically, Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates were the main Greek influencers of Al Farabi. Al Farabi as well as Ibn Sina have been recognized as Peripatetics or rationalists. The best known Ara bic source for Al Farabi s political philosophy is his work titled The Virtuous City. In many of Al Farabi’s philosophical works the practical use of philosophy is a majorRead MoreConfucianism, Hinduism, Buddhism, And Platonism1045 Words   |  5 PagesEssay One Brian Munoz Philosophy 10/23/15 What Are We - What are we? In this essay, I’ll be comparing and contrasting the four views of human nature that we have studied so far – Confucianism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Platonism – critically examining their similarities and differences. Also, I’ll be explaining which one I think provides the most plausible understanding of what we are. First, I will introduce each of the four views of human nature by defining them. Then, I will elaborate and thoroughlyRead MorePolitical Philosophy, By Steven Cahn1197 Words   |  5 PagesIn Steven Cahn s book, Political Philosophy, The Essential Texts, philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau created the circumstances to enable the fundamental principals of philosophy and politics. These knowledgeable, astute and significant men have helped to achieve the structure of our past and present democracy as well as a plan of action for the rights and values that we as citizens can all relate to tod ay. They are grounded in their thinking and tied togetherRead MorePlato s Interpretation Of Utopia1630 Words   |  7 PagesPlato and Aristotle shared many differences despite also sharing a teacher student relationship. This essay will strive to establish their understandings of reason and the role reason plays in their comprehensions of politics, differentiating between the kinds of reason and politics produced as a result. Plato is regarded as the first writer of political philosophy while Aristotle is recognised as the first political scientist. Plato’s interpretation of Utopia is founded upon the existence of threeRead MoreWhat Is The Purpose Of Life?1619 Words   |  7 PagesPurpose Of Life? Probably the MVP of questions, What is the purpose of life?, Has come across all of mankinds thought s some time or another and for each individual, it is plausible that they pondered this topic on numerous occasions throughout their life s. Many people find solace in their religions, others look to the ancients and the stars, while some, just trust in nature. Maybe within all of these outlooks, you can find truths about the meaning of life, but is the meaning or purpose of lifeRead MoreSocrates And Aristotle s Life1491 Words   |  6 Pagesrather than upon mere survival. The earliest accounts of human history chronicle the struggle for survival against all odds. It is therefore remarkable that roughly 2400 years ago the question of virtue was raised, let alone contemplated at great length, forming a foundation upon which Western philosophers build to the present day. Socrates and Aristotle were two key individuals credited for their roles in the advent of Classical philosophy. Men in ancient Greece lived relatively privileged livesRead MoreThe And Nature Of The Ancients And The Stars1618 Words   |  7 PagesProbably the MVP of questions, What is the purpose of life?, has come across all human beings thought s some time or another and for each individual they most likely pondered this topic on many occasions throughout their life s. Many people find solace in their religions, others look to the ancients and the stars, while some just trust in nature. Maybe within all of these outlooks you can find truths about the meaning of life, but is the meaning or purpose of life the same for each individualRead MoreEssay on Boethius and Platos God1026 Words   |  5 PagesPlato was born in Athens, Greece around 427 B.C. He was always interested in politics, until he witnessed his mentor and teacher, Socrates, death. After learning of the callousness of politics, Plato changed his mind and eventually opened up The Academy, which is considered if not the first, on e of the first Universities. Students at the Academy studied many different fields of science, including biological and astronomical. The students also studied many other fields, such as math. Plato developedRead MoreA Holistic And Spiritual Treatment Essay1473 Words   |  6 Pagesby which nurses take care of patients as human beings. I believe that patients are best taken care of when nurses handle them in such a way that humans need to be taken care of: through a holistic and spiritual treatment. By rationalizing humanistic nursing theories with theories of human nature, such as dualism and existentialism, as well as perceiving man as an embodied spirit and a relational being, a more holistic approach is given to a patient as a human being. In the professional setting, knowingRead MoreThe Republic By Plato And The Prince By Machiavelli1617 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough written nearly two centuries apart, The Republic by Plato and The Prince by Machiavelli offer important views on political philosophies of rulers. Plato writes of a perfect society where status as ruler is naturally selected through innate abilities. These abilities are used to sustain the society, better it, and preserve it. Machiavelli writes of a society where anyone can be a prince; which for our purposes is a synonym for ruler, if they follow his instructions. These instructions are

Should drug addicted mothers be sterilized - 2460 Words

Should Drug Addicted Mothers be Sterilized? Sterilization is the surgical process after which a person can no longer reproduce. The process in permanent and irreversible. It is a choice for people but laws are considering to enforce it on the unfortunate group of drug-addicted mothers. The drug-addicted mothers are wholly held responsible for the Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS), a group of problems that a new born has to face because the mother was dependant on illegal or prescribed drugs. The baby becomes addicted with the mother, and is still dependent on drug at the time of birth. With an increase in the number of babies born addicted to drugs, the lawmakers considered forced sterilization upon drug-addicted mothers as the†¦show more content†¦(2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author†, Article 29 â€Å"(2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject o nly to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society. (3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations†, Article 30 â€Å"Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein† † (Charter, United Nations, Chapter III: Organs.). A person might argue, how do these international laws protect human rights for drug-addicted- mothers? The answer for this question lies in the foundation of these laws. Overtime, treaties are considering to address issues regarding social groups that requireShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Not For Sale 1888 Words   |  8 PagesChildren who are being born from drug-addicted mothers often suffer from serious consequences that may affect them for the rest of their lives. Barbara Harris is a foster mother who took in three children from a drug-addicted mother and this experience influenced her to make an effort to prevent drug-addicted women from getting pregnant. She created an organization called CRACK (Children Requiring A Caring Kommunity), which offers $200 to drug addicts who agree to get sterilized or undergo long-term contraceptionRead MoreProject Prevention : A Non Profit Organization1413 Words   |  6 Pagescurrent and former drug addicted men and women an incentive of $300 to commit to use a form of birth control, options include an IUD, oral contraceptives, Depo-Provera or agree to sterilization. Barbara Harris, which is the founder of Project Prevention, adopted four children from the same drug addicted women who could not take care of her children. Barbara Harris cam e up with the idea of the organization when she could not get legislation passes that would have mothers of drug addicted babies be forcedRead MoreDoes Everything Have A Price?947 Words   |  4 Pagesthe right price for their time, but a matter of â€Å"national security† and no one is exempt from the procedures put in place to protect everyone. There is a large amount of pieces that have to come together to get the plane off the ground and waiting should be expected. Safety is not a commodity, but a responsibility shared by everyone and the only way to continue that guarantee is to check everyone thoroughly without offering them to pay to get out of the hassle. While this is a safety issue, notRead MoreThe Role Of Sterilization On The Individual1900 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Psychological Impact of Sterilization on the Individual,† â€Å"and possess inalienable rights† (45). However, some people would disagree because of how our country has changed since it has become a country. People do not have the freedom in which some believe we should have. In addition, we have advanced beyond most other countries when it comes to opportunities for our people. According to the authors of â€Å"Federally Funded Sterilization: Time to Rethink Policy,† Sonya Borrero, Nikki Zite, and Mitchell D. Creinin:Read MoreEugenics, Eugenics And Selective Breeding2034 Words   |  9 Pagesepileptic, diseased, blind, deaf, deformed, promiscuous or dependent by the state were able to be sterilized by a physician without consent. Although sterilization wasn’t widely supported until the 1920’s, at least 12 states had already passed laws in regards to sterilizing unfit persons. By 1924, nearly 3000 people had been sterilized; 2400 of them were sterilized in California. The states that sterilized the most people involuntarily before the repealing of the laws in 1977 were California, VirginiaRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageskeep Asians 40 †¢ CHAPTER 1 out of white settler nations around the Pacific. By the 1920s, these techniques had developed into widely accepted principles that migration control was the unilateral prerogative of receiving nations and should properly happen at borders. The modern passport system and common forms of legislation and documentation also began to circulate around the world at that time.65 Since then, the most notable development of these laws has been the constant expansion

Organizational Theory Determinants of Structure Free Essays

The objective here is to understand why organizations have the structure that they do. By â€Å"structure† I mean things like degree and type of horizontal differentiation, vertical differentiation, mechanisms of coordination and control, formalization, and centralization of power. See handouts page for more information on organizational structure. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Theory: Determinants of Structure or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Taylor, Fayol, Weber and other classical theorists, there is a single best way for organization to be structured. Yet organizations vary considerably on structural attributes. The objective of much research has been to understand what determines these variations. Is it random or systematic? Are some organizations simply less perfect than others, or are different designs better for different situations? Contingency Theory In contrast to the classical scholars, most theorists today believe that there is no one best way to organize.What is important is that there be a fit between the organization’s structure, its size, its technology, and the requirements of its environment. This perspective is known as â€Å"contingency theory† and contrasts with the perspective of classical theorists like Weber, Taylor, Fayol, etc. who thought that there probably was one way to run organizations that was the best. Size This refers to capacity, number of personnel, outputs (customers, sales), resources (wealth). Blau’s studies show that differentiation (# of levels, departments, job titles) increases with size, but at a decreasing rate.In contrast, the % of the organization that is involved in administrative overhead declines with size, leading to economies of scale. Increasing size is also related to increased structuring of organizations activities but decreased concentration of power. Managerial practices, such as flexibility in personnel assignments, extent of delegation of authority, and emphasis on results rather than procedures, are related to the size of the unit managed. Technology/Task Consider check processing at a bank. This activity is usually performed by a business unit that is highly formalized, has a great deal of specialization and division of labor, and high centralization of decision-making. In contrast, the creative section of an ad agency is usually not formalized at all, the division of labor is often blurry, and it is highly decentralized. It appears that certain activities naturally â€Å"go with† certain structures. Joan Woodward found that by knowing an organization’s primary system of production, you could predict their structure:Unit production/small batch. Companies that make one-of-a-kind custom products, or small quantities of products (e. g. , ship building, aircraft manufacture, furniture maker, tailors, printers of engraved wedding invitation, surgical teams). In these companies, typically, people’s skills and knowledge is more important than the the machines used. Relatively expensive to operate: work process is unpredictable, hard to pre-program or automate. Flat organization (few levels of hierarchy). Ceo has low span of control (direct reports).Relatively low percentage of managers Organic structure (see handout) Mass production/large batch. Companies that sell huge volumes of identical products (e. g. , cars, razor blades, aluminum cans, toasters). Make heavy use of automation and assembly lines. Typically, bigger than small batch Taller hierarchies bottom level is huge (supervisor span of control is 48) Relatively greater number of managers (because hierarchy is so tall) Mechanistic, bureaucratic structure Relatively cheap to operate Continuous Production.Primarily companies that refine liquids and powders (e. g. , chemical companies, oil refineries, bakeries, dairies, distilleries/breweries, electric power plants). Machines do everything, humans just monitor the machines and plan changes. These organizations are tall and thin or even inverted pyramid: almost nobody at the bottom At the very top there is an organic structure Lower levels more mechanistic, but because machines do everything, there is not much paper work, low level supervision, etc.Chick Perrow ’67 looked at how the frequency and type of exceptions that occurred during production affected structure. Two types of exceptions: (a) can be solved via orderly, analytic search process (like mechanic fixing car), (b) no analytic framework, rely on intuition, guesswork (like advertising, film-making, fusion research). Few Exceptions Many Exceptions Un-analyzable pottery, specialty glass, motel room artwork; plumbing; computer technical support (craftwork) routine work, but when problems crop up, it is hard o figure what to do film making; aerospace; (non routine research) tasks that no one really knows how to do: work on intuition, implicit knowledge Analyzable routine, like screws; (routine manufacturing ) the few problems that occur are usually easy to understand custom machinery, building dams; (engineering production) the application of well-known principles and technologies to lots of new and different situations It turns out that bottom left organizations (analyzable and few exceptions) tend to be highly centralized and formalized — in short, bureaucracies.Bureaucracies are the best possible organizational form when the task is well-understood, and how to best execute it can be specified in advance. At the other extreme, the top right organizations (unanalyzable and many exceptions) are not well handled by bureaucracies. There are so many exceptions and new situations that having a set of formal procedures which specify how to handle every situation is out of the question. Organizations in this box tend to be highly decentralized and use informal means of coordination and control. The reasons have to do with human bounded rationality. Bounded rationality refers to the fact that since humans have limited brain capacity, we cannot always find the absolute optimal solution to a given problem — we only have the time and capacity to consider a few possible solutions, and choose the best among those. But we can’t consider all possible solutions. ) Really complex systems are difficult to pre-plan: there are too many contingencies. We simply can’t figure it all out. Need to allow for real-time, flexible adjustment. Environment Adaptation Organizations actively adapt to their environments.For example, organizations facing complex, highly uncertain environments typically differentiate so that each organizational unit is facing a smaller, more certain problem. for example, if Japanese tastes in cars are quite different from American tastes, it is really hard to make a single car that appeals to both markets. It is easier to create two separate business units, one that makes cars for the Japanese market, and the other that makes cars for the US market. Natural Selection Organizations whose structures are not fitted to the environment (which includes other organizations, communities, customers, governments, etc. will not perform well and will fail. Most new organizations fail within the first few years. If the environment is stable, this selection process will lead to most organizations being well-adapted to the environment, not because they all changed themselves, but because those that were not well-adapted will have died off. Dependence The economy is a giant network of organizations linked by buying and selling relationships. Every company has suppliers (inputs) and customers (outputs). Every company is dependent on both their suppliers and their customers for resources and money.To the extent that a company needs it’s suppliers less than they need it, the company has power. That is, power is a function of asymmetric mutual dependence. Dependence is itself a function of the availability of alternative supply. A depends on B to the extent that there are few alternatives to B that are available to A. Dependence is also a function of how much A needs what B has got. If the Post It’s company starts to play hardball with you, and there are no good alternatives, it’s still not a big deal because Post It’s are just not that important.Organizations that have power over others are able to impose elements of structure on them. For example, GM is famous for imposing accounting systems, cost controls, manufacturing techniques on their suppliers. The sets of entities in an organization’s environment that play a role in the organization’s health and performance, or which are affected by the organization, are called stakeholders. Stakeholders have interests in what the organization does, and may or may not have the power to influence the organization to protect their interests. Stakeholders are varied and their interests may coincide on some issues and not others.Therefore you find stakeholders both cooperating with each other in alliances, and competing with each other. Figure 1. Unconnected stakeholders. When stakeholders are unconnected to each other (as in Figure 1), the organization usually has an easier time of playing the different parties off one another. For example, it can represent its goals and needs differently to each stakeholder, without fear of being found out. Or, such competitive stakeholders into outbidding each other (e. g. , a university can tel one alumnus that another alumnus is about to give a huge donation).Furthermore, when the stakeholders are unconnected, they cannot coordinate their efforts, and so have trouble controlling the organization. Figure 2. Well-connected stakeholders. In contrast, when the stakeholders are well-connected (as in Figure 2), the organization cannot represent itself differently to each one, or it will be found out. Furthermore, if the bonds among the stakeholders are closer than the bonds with the organization, the stakeholders may side with each other against the organization, and won’t act in ways that negatively affect other stakeholders. Institutionalization Under conditions of uncertainty, organizations imitate others that appear to be successful. In other words, if nobody really knows what makes a movie successful, and then somebody has a blockbuster hit, everybody else copies the movie, and the organizational structure that produced the movie, hoping that they will get the same results. This can cause whole industries to adopt similar structural features. One reason why this happens is the fear of litigation or simply blame.If several well-known, successful companies start adopting some new management style — say, self-governing teams — and you don’t because you know its not appropriate for your company, and then things start to go wrong for your company, people will say ‘see? you should have adopted self-governing teams. we told you so’. So to avoid that, if the top companies in a field all adopt some new style, then all the others do to to avoid being blamed. In addition, diffusion of ideas due to personnel transfer and professional school training can create uniformity as well. How to cite Organizational Theory: Determinants of Structure, Papers

Coroners Report Analysis Toowoomba Base Hospital

Question: Describe about the Coroners Report Analysis for Toowoomba Base Hospital. Answer: Introduction Coroners report has been used to provide information about the case of Katie Lee Howman who worked as a Registered Nurse in Toowoomba Base hospital and was involved in handling critical situations in the hospital. Based on this information, Katie knew about nursing interventions that could be used for different health conditions. The report states that Katie was married and got two young children. She died in her home while injecting herself with opioid drugs known as Fentanyl. This drug is usually used as an anesthetic to help people who are undergoing surgery to reduce the intensity of pain felt. The detection of this drug into the body of Katie was developed by a pathologist, Dr. Roger Guard. This was the only opioid detected in her body, but some other contents of drugs were detected too, which include citalopram, levetiracetam, and ibuprofen. These drugs are used as antidepressants, anticonvulsant and anti-inflammatory, showing that Katie had several problems that she needed cur b, including severe pain (Jensen, 2009). Therefore, based on the doctors views, she had abused these drugs. Katie was addicted to intravenous drug abuse (Fentanyl), and her death was the outcome of pathophysiological changes caused by long-term use of this drug. For instance, Fentanyl is a drug that is used as an aesthetic, and it is sometimes misused as a drug. Also, if a person uses it as a drug for a long duration, just as Katie was using, it is usually addictive, and it can force any user to use it continuously. Further, the pathologist indicated that these drugs were reacting to the body of Mrs. Heath, thus creating crystals into her vessels. These crystals in the vessels led to the problem of blood flow into the vessels. This meant that her lungs were also straining to oxygenate the blood because there was not sufficient flow of blood into the vessels (Ballantyne, 2006). Therefore, the doctor continued to make conclusions that granuloma effect in the lungs is always an indication that there is foreign substance into the body (McAuliffe, 2016). These results showed that the presence o f the drug substances was reacting with the body and they had not performed the function Katie was perceiving. After analyzing the autopsy findings, Dr. Hall stated that there was a significant number of people who had died of an opioid overdose because it is addictive as determined by National Institute of Drug Abuse (2016). After confirming that Mrs. Howman had died of Fentanyl overdose, he noted that the prevalence of people who died of the same was high and it was not a strange observation in their recent diagnosis (Aronson, 2010). This paper has been developed to create a review of Coroners report about the death of Katie Lee. Discussion of Medical and Nursing Practice Documentation and Communication Documentation and communication regarding administration of medication play an outstanding role not only in safe medicine practice to patients but also serve as a guiding tool to Paramedical staff for safe medicine handling( prevents misuse of addictive drugs). On the one hand, proper documentation ensures that the five rights of administration of medication have been addressed that is right patient, right drug, right dose, right time and right route of administration. On the other hand, illegal practices among health care members related to potentially addictive drugs are also identified and controlled by documentation and Communication. In this context also, there was a lack of policies and procedures for safe medicine handling by health care providers. However, in order to ensure the safety of both the nurse and the patients, there should be some policies and procedures to follow. For example, in Western Australia, a code of practice for handling Schedule 8 medicine (Drug of addiction) has been launched. This practice follows The Poisons Act 1964 and Poison Regulations 1965. Actually, every effort is made to ensure safe medicine practice by staff members. Whether it is the person who prescribes medication (Medical Practitioners) or the person who administer it (Registered Nurses and Enrolled Nurses), they have to meet a set of standards (Board of Australia, 2016). For example, only authorized or registered medical practitioner can prescribe medication. Additionally, the prescription should be in the written form of organization chart along with the signature. Not only this, each location within the hospital premise s supposed to have a separate register for record keeping of addictive drugs. Further, these drugs are inventoried on a monthly basis to identify and control tampering of drugs. Thereby, every hospital should follow certain policies and procedures to ensure safe medicine handling by the staff. Ethical Decision-Making The ethical dilemma is a situation where Nurses and other heath practitioner find difficulty in providing ethically sound care to the patients because of some influencing factors. There are always some factors which do not let them make ethically sound decisions for improving the quality of care being given to the patient. In this context, I found the hospital in an ethical dilemma with regard to providing efficient care to their patients. Firstly, Katie health condition was not allowing her to give appropriate care to the patients. Organisation has also found some evidence around it. For example, poor management of workload by Katie (complaint by a staff member). Additionally, one time she was not fair in Documentation with regard to patient care. She gave the medication but forget to document it. However, Documentation and communication are one of the important methods to direct or guide safe and effective patient care (Epstein and Turner, 2015). State An Ethical Problem An ethical dilemma rose where the hospital had to ensure the safety (nonmaleficence) as well as the quality of care being given to the patient. At the same time, they had to address Mental and physical health issues which Katie was experiencing by respectingthe autonomy (freedom to work in a suitable work environment like low care setting)principle as well. Additional Information Collection And Analysis Of The Problem Katie's health condition was not investigated properly. Despite being reported many times, she was working as a Critical Care Nurse who was a very demanding work for her. At the same time, patient safety was at risk. Alternatives One of the best alternatives could be Detection and control of these types of issue as early as possible with the help of strategies, such as routine dope test every 4-6 months for each employee to detect any drug addiction. Working closely and delicately to the issue that Katie was experiencing thus providing suitable work environment (Low care) where she would not have access to Fentanyl as well as less demand by her body to take medicine. Additionally, the organization could have arranged counseling session for her to find the root cause behind drug addiction. Hence arrangement of better interventions could be possible. Selecting Best Alternative The second alternative is more appropriate Required Strategies To Implement It AN Organisation's manager plays a very crucial role in addressing these types of issues. Attitude, feelings and understanding of the manager towards these sorts of issues found around nursing care play crucial role in determining the perspective of all another staff member. Thus, a strong need is felt on the part of managers to be more efficient in their role as a facilitator in this type of situations. Thereby, Australian Board of Nursing and Midwifery need to understand the complexities behind the phenomenon and make policies to make sure that managers are performing well in this type of situations. Advocacy According to Kirby (1995), Advocacy is basically supporting patients right. Its scope range from acknowledging the patient about their rights as a patient (Patient education) to actually helping them to have the right kind of care delivered to them (Coordinating with managing authority to acknowledge any issue found in the patient care because of the negligence of another staff member). In Katies case, she herself was a patient, and her colleagues are supposed to take relevant actions for her. In the mentioned scenario, neither any staff nurses nor Katie herself recognized the rights for receiving special kind of care and circumstances from managing authority. It's against the code of ethics provided by Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia as well as the benefits mentioned in Job letter of most of the Organisation. It is promised that every employee has the right to choose suitable working arrangements in specific circumstances. Furthermore, under special circumstances such as incompetent care, physical and mental health issues, special care is provided without any undue judgment and discrimination. Thus, an organization not only respects the right of Autonomy and respect for the patient but for its employee also. Despite this fact, Katies health issues have not been advocated. As a result, confusion arises on the part of organization culture which will be explained further. Mrs. Howmans medical condition was not advocated with the highest level of professionalism and care from the doctors she visited. The only step that was taken towards that issue was to prescribe drugs that were thought to reduce or curb the pain but not to cure the real issue she was suffering. Almost all the drugs that she was advised to use were addictive, and the medical practitioners did not take care of the fact the Katie was also vulnerable to the drugs, and she could be addicted. She needed a great support in dealing with the condition of severe pain that she was experiencing throughout her life. These reasons led to the misuse and overdose of the medications she thought of caring in nature. Leadership and Management Leadership is about supporting co-workers. It involves moving forward for helping patient, family, and Nurses to recognize and attain their rights. This aspect of managing Katies condition was very much similar to Advocacy where Nurses act for nurses. Nurses working with the Katie should have advocated for the safety of both patient and Nurses. Nevertheless, they report about the Katie and thereby protected patients safety; no one stands out for Katies Autonomy. This might be the reason that management did not take quick and reasonable steps to address her problem. Management only reported to APHRA for two times. The supervision and the investigation system employed for detecting substance abuse by Katy were not good as well. The management of Katies condition was not up to the standards because the people who were involved in stabilizing her condition were not informed about her medical history. For instance, Dr. Phillipson was not aware of the fact that Katie was using a sterile needle to inject herself with such drugs. This fact affected the success of psychiatric treatment that the doctor was offering to Mrs. Howman after she abused the drugs in January 2010. Further, As per AHPRAs directions, Katie supposed to undergo urine screening that determines the type of drugs that she was using. She was also supposed to be supervised to avoid illegal use of drugs in the hospital. However, in this situation the circumstances were different. When they noticed consistent screening results, they assumed that she had stopped abusing drugs. This was a wrong decision to make because she was still experiencing the hip pain, which means that she could still use the Fentanyl drugs to reduce the pain in cases where tram adol among other prescribed drugs was not functioning well. Next, Toowoomba organization had not developed a culture of developing a medical history for their employees that could assist in any situations needed. Therefore, it can be stated that the hospital did not have effective and efficient management that could handle their employees perfectly. There was a great need of improvement on the way they handled issues affecting their employees, for example, Katies case. Organisational Culture On the basis of personal experience, organizational culture involves feelings, attitudes, understanding and most importantly perspective of managing authority for maintaining job satisfaction and mental health of the employees. For this different method are employed such as frequent communication between the team leader and the Nurse, policies and procedures like non-judgemental behavior towards any types of dispute or specific needs of employees, anonymous complaining system, etc. Interestingly, this helps in retaining employees too. In this scenario, there might be a lack of communication between Katie and the senior Nurse or Team leader that prevented her problems to be addressed. Secondly, Katie's work environmental might be unsuitable for her (too much workload and physical or mental health issues would have affected her performance on the floor). However, no any concern has been shown from either colleagues or senior staff members for her miserable condition. Thus, many uncertainties arise about the organizational culture for addressing these types of issues where the organization is unable to address as well as manage the specific needs of some employees. Worth to mention here is the organizational culture role in these types of scenarios. According to Zachariadou, Zannetos, and Pavlakis (2013), sometimes it is organizational culture itself which promotes mental health issues in nursing staff because of many reasons. For example, increase the workload on employees, unfair policies of the organization which includes not concerning employees complaints such as bullying or mental torture by another staff member in the situations like drug addiction or alcoholism by staff Nurses. Consequently, organization culture has also influenced the way Katies case was handled. Coroners Findings Coroner scrutinized this issue of Katie by ensuring that every relevant information was put across thus paving the way for justice. In this case, the medical report of Katie was established that shown almost all the conditions that were related to her death. It was found that Katie had severe pains in hips that troubled her very much and she was always finding a solution to the issue. In the process of seeking medical assistance, she was prescribed to drugs that would reduce the severity of the pains, though they turned up to be addictive (Rave and Larsen, 1995). It was not within her understanding that these drugs would be addictive. Therefore, she reached a level that she could not live without the drugs, and it was observed by several people in her workplace. At some point, a nurse in the hospital observed that Katie had used the sterile needle in the washrooms though they were unsuccessful to find out the chemical contents of the syringe. The coroner also found that the Australia n Health Practitioner Regulations Authority (AHPRA) had been informed about her behaviors and ordered the hospital management to observe her behaviors check out if she was abusing any drug substance (Stannard, Coupe, and Pickering, 2007). The Coroners findings finally declared that Katie dies of Fentanyls injections that were termed as overdose and reactions according to the autopsy findings. Later after Dr. Phillipson retired from his work where he was serving Katie, the general practitioner who was left to take care of her found out that she was hardly living with opioids based on her confession. This was clear evidence that Katie was addicted and she need great medical support to help her fight the addiction. Although she has always been denying to be abusing an illicit substance, the fact that she could not live without the opioids affirmed the abuse (Medlineplus.gov, 2016). The coroner also found out that the Heath was not much informed about the health condition although he knew about the pains. He had never found out that her wife was using opioid (Fentanyl) to reduce the pains she was experiencing, which was against doctors prescriptions (Ruzycki and Yarema, 2016). Lack of information and evidence about the mi suse of opioids by Katie led to great surprise when the family and friends learned about her death. Recommendations The health organizations among other firms should understand that it is their responsibility to monitor the statuses of their employees. This will ensure that cases such as Katies are minimal in the society and peoples medical conditions are handled effectively. The misuse of opioids in the community needs also to be monitored to reduce the prevalence of use and protect the society from losing more people because of the same issue. Finally, it is important to inform relatives or guardians about perceived health issues, and this should also be advised by the medical practitioners to help them manage their conditions more efficiently. References American Nurses Association, (2016). Healthy Nurse, Healthy Nation. [Online] Nursingworld.org. Available at: https://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/WorkplaceSafety/Healthy-Nurse [Accessed 30 Oct. 2016]. Aronson, J. (2010). Meyler's side effects of analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. Ballantyne, J. (2006). Opioids for chronic pain: Taking stock. Pain, 125(1), pp.3-4. Board of Australia, (2016). Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Professional standards. [Online] Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. Available at: https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Professional-standards.aspx [Accessed 30 Oct. 2016]. Epstein, B. and Turner, M. (2015). The Code of Ethics: Its Value and History. The Online Journal of Nursing Issues, [online] 20(2). Available at: https://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-20-2015/No2-May-2015/The-Nursing-Code-of-Ethics-Its-Value-Its-History.html[Accessed 30 Oct. 2016]. Fentanyl/morphine misuse. (2013). Reactions Weekly, 1457(1), pp.19-19. Garber, J., Gross, M. and Slonim, A. (2010). Avoiding common nursing errors. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Husted, J., and Husted, G. (2008). Ethical decision making in nursing and health care. New York: Springer Pub. Co. Jensen, M. (2009). Hypnosis for chronic pain management: A new hope. Pain, 146(3), pp.235-237. Kirby, M. (1995). Patients' rights--why the Australian courts have rejected 'Bolam.' Journal of Medical Ethics, 21(1), pp.5-8. McAuliffe, W. (2016). Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain. JAMA, 316(7), p.774. Medlineplus.gov, (2016). Opioids and Chronic Pain | NIH MedlinePlus the Magazine. [Online] Medlineplus.gov. Available at: https://medlineplus.gov/magazine/issues/spring11/articles/spring11pg9.html [Accessed 21 Oct. 2016]. Moore, T. and Woodrow, P. (2004). High dependency nursing care. London: Routledge. National Institute of Drug Abuse, (2016). Emerging Trends and Alerts | Fentanyl-Related Overdoses Prompt Alert from CDC. [Online] Drugabuse.gov. Available at: https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/emerging-trends-alerts [Accessed 30 Oct. 2016]. Opioids for chronic noncancer pain discouraged. (2012). Springer Healthcare News, 1(1). Raines, J., and Dibble, N. (2011). Ethical decision making in school mental health. New York: Oxford University Press. Rave, E. and Larsen, C. (1995). Ethical decision making in therapy. New York: Guilford Press. Robinson, A. (2016). Causes and management of chronic pain. Prescriber, 27(7), pp.39-43. Ruzycki, S., and Yarema, M. (2016). Fentanyl misuse. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 188(9), pp.673-673. Stannard, C., Coupe, M. and Pickering, T. (2007). Opioids in non-cancer pain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The use of opioids for the treatment of chronic pain. (1997). Pain Forum, 6(1), pp.77-79. Varcarolis, E., Halter, M., and Varcarolis, E. (2010). Foundations of psychiatric mental health nursing. St. Louis, Mo.: Saunders/Elsevier. Weber, J. and Kelley, J. (2007). Health assessment in nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Wrycraft, N. (2009). Introduction to Mental Health Nursing. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill International (UK) Ltd. Zachariadou, T., Zannetos, S. and Pavlakis, A. (2013). Organizational culture in the primary healthcare setting. BMC Health Services Research, 13(1).

How to Effectively Train for a Marathon

Introduction Training for a marathon is exceptionally demanding because it requires physical, physiological, and psychological preparation. Usually, athletes undergo rigorous training that prepares them to endure the hard challenges associated with marathon. Training programs for marathon aim at enhancing performance and endurance by improving effective utilization of energy and oxygen.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How to Effectively Train for a Marathon specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, training enhances performance by increasing muscular structures and promoting effecting coordination of neurons throughout the body. According to Tinsley (2005), training theory perceives that effective training is only achievable if athletes incorporate nutrition, physiological, physical, and psychological factors into their training programs (p.1). These factors are critical in marathon training, for they o ffer comprehensive training to athletes so that they can not only endure fatigue, but also enhance their performance and improve their health. Fundamentally, marathon training requires comprehensive training since marathon can potentially cause serious injurious, thus quite dangerous for a novice athlete. Given that marathon can potentially cause grave injurious if an athlete does not train well, it is imperative for training programs to be effective and comprehensive. Thus, effective training for a marathon should encompass physical, physiological, and psychological aspects of training. Physical Training Physical training for a marathon aims at building strong muscles that are essential in enhancing physical fitness. Rigorous exercises that novice athletes undergo enable them to build appropriate muscles and acquire physical fitness that form basis of training. Moreover, rigorous exercises are particularly beneficial in burning excess fat and promoting circulation of oxygen in the body. Tinsley (2005) reasons that, running a marathon causes considerable physical changes in the body because; it can result into utter exhaustion, severe injuries, and extension of muscles (p.3). These changes can be extremely grave if a novice athlete attempts to run a marathon, yet his/her body is not physically ready and accustomed to extensive and intensive running. Inadequate preparation for a marathon has severe consequences because it predisposes the body muscles to more injurious than usual. Thus, for an athlete to build strong stamina and develop resilience of running a marathon, rigorous physical exercises are imperative.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Effective marathon training requires athletes to wear proper shoes and clothing. Proper shoes cushion legs and body from undue friction and shock experiences of a marathon run. For effective training, legs s hould accustom to a given type of shoes because changing of shoe design during training predispose one to injury. Tinsley (2005) explains that, appropriate shoe design and cushioning enhances springing and reduces the occurrence of injuries on legs (p.4). Thus, athletes need to consult shoe specialists to enable them choose the right design of shoe before embarking on rigorous exercises of marathon. In addition to shoes, athletes also need appropriate clothing that suit their training needs and environment. When training during cold weather, athletes need clothes that keep them warm while at the same time allows removal of sweats from the body. During hot weather, athletes need light clothing that bring about cooling effect and reduce the rate of sweating, thus conserve a lot of water in the body. Athletics’ attire has significant influence on marathon training and consequently determines athletic performance. Physiological Training Physiological training entails aspects of n utrition and rest. Physiological mechanism of the body highly depends on nutrients obtained from diet that athletes take. Poor nutrition interferes with physiological mechanism of the body that deals with generation and regulation of energy, thus negatively affect effective training for a marathon. Without stable physiological health, athletes are not able to perform their rigorous exercises, which are essential in building stamina and resilience. Hamilton (2007) advises that, even if an athlete is mentally determined and physical strong, neglect of nutrition has a detrimental effect on health and can cause illness or physiological injury to vital organs in the body (p.78). Thus, for athletes to train effectively for a marathon, they should ensure that they take balance diet. Since marathon requires a lot of energy, a diet needs to contain about 60% of carbohydrates. Additional, the body needs a lot of water to prevent dehydration of cells because more water is lost through sweats d uring training. Even though more exercises are essential for one to gain appropriate physical fitness, resting is also imperative to allow restoration of over-stretched physiological processes. During the period of rest, physiological processes replenish used energy and regenerate exhausted muscles, making them stronger again.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How to Effectively Train for a Marathon specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cormier (2009) argues that, high intensity training should precede tapering period, which refreshes the body and the mind in preparation for a marathon (p.10). The tapering period should entail a two-week period where intensive training reduces to about 50%, to allow the body to rejuvenate for a race. Psychological Training Although marathon race may seem to be more of physical than psychological activity, it has become evident that psychology plays an integral role in motivati ng athletes. Cormier (2009) contends that, physiological ability of an athlete determines how one covers the first 30 kilometers, while psychological aspect of willpower determines one’s ability to cover remaining 12 kilometers (p.13). Studies have further suggested that about 40% of runners surrender after covering about 30 kilometers because they lack willpower that motivates them to finish. Psychology influence running because the brain in conjunction with central nervous system coordinates movement of limbs, use of fuel reserves, regulation of water and oxygen utilization by the body. Thus, athletes need to develop willpower during their training so that they can cope with the challenge of exhaustion, endurance, and surrendering. Thus, effective psychological training of marathon involves training with other athletes to obtain emotional support, acceptance of hardship, interaction with mentors and coaches, and running as an explorative activity. Hamilton (2007) posits tha t, long runs are essential in training, for they make the mind and body adapt to the strain of viewing marathon as a long distance event that requires endless steps (p.76). The strain associated with marathon training has made many athletes lose hope and surrender in the course of their running because they have insufficient psychological preparation. Thus, for athletes to train marathon effectively, they need to acclimatize their psychology to long runs, hardships, different routes and derive pleasure in marathon. Conclusion Marathon training is quite demanding because it requires physiological, physical, and psychological preparation for athletes to perform well. Partial training does not only result into poor performance but can cause severe injuries. Injuries that athletes usually experience occur due to poor training. Thus, novice athletes must undergo rigorous and comprehensive training to avert predisposition to injurious that occur because of insufficient training. Comprehen sive training for marathon needs to involve physiological, physical, and psychological training, because they are integral factors that determine performance in marathon. Therefore, for athletes to train effectively for a marathon, they should not overlook or assume essence of physiological, physical, and psychological training.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Cormier, S. (2009). Marathon Training: Nutritional Strategies, Pre-race Taper and Psychology. Marylebone Physiotherapy and Sports Medicine, 1-22. Cormier’s article asserts that marathon training must be systematic to prevent undue injuries and futility of training. In the article, Cormier notes that haphazard training of marathon is to blame for poor performance and high rates of injuries. Thus, he recommends comprehensive training of athletes for them to perform outstandingly in marathons. Hamilton, A. (2007). Marathon Training Plan: Tackling the Big One. Fit Runner, 74-78. In this article, Hamilton argues that running a marathon is not fun because it is very demanding in that, it requires both extensive and intensive training. Moreover, the article outlines basic principles that are essential for effective training, which include long runs, cross training, rest, and nutrition amongst other principles. Ultimately, the article concludes that marathon training shoul d entail physiological, physical, and psychological aspects. Tinsley, H. (2005). Principles of Training Theory. International Association of Athletics  Federations, 1-14. This article reflects the recommendations of International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) in training of athletes. IAAF recommends that training of athletes must entail social, philosophical, nutrition, anatomy, physical, psychological, and physiological knowledge. Tinsley observes that wide conception of marathon training enhances effective training and promote performance. This research paper on How to Effectively Train for a Marathon was written and submitted by user Kailee Wallace to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

What Is a Dual Degree Program Should You Do One

What Is a Dual Degree Program Should You Do One SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You’ve probably heard of a double major, but have you heard of a dual degree? In a dual degree program, you’ll study two academic fields at once, earn you two separate degrees. Below, we explain what a dual degree is and show you several examples of the different types of dual degree programs available. We also go over the pros and cons of getting a dual degree, and give you tips to help you decide whether a dual degree is right for you. Feature Image: COD Newsroom/Flickr What Is a Dual Degree? Overview A dual degree, or double degree, is when you study two, usually very different, fields at the same time and receive two separate degrees (one per discipline). For example, if you studied psychology and business in a dual degree program, you’d graduate with two degrees (that is, two diplomas): a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Psychology and a Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA). Dual degrees typically confertwo different types of degrees, such as a BA/BS combo, a BS/BFA, a BS/BBA, etc. (Some dual degree programs will award you an undergraduate bachelor’s degree and a graduate degree- we’ll talk more about these types of programs in a moment.) In addition, the two fields of study in a dual degree program are usually housed in two different schools at the university. As a result, those wanting to pursue a dual degree typically must apply and get admitted to both schools individually. The deadline by when you must apply for admission will vary depending on the university. Dual degrees require more credits than single degrees. The total number of credits you’ll need will depend on the university you attend and whether it uses the semester or quarter system. But generally speaking, you’ll need anywhere from 140 to 225 credits to graduate. Finally, because you’re working on two degrees simultaneously and need more credits than you would for a single degree, you’ll very likely need to spend more time in college, often five to six years. This also means you’ll be spending more money on your college education since you’ll have to pay for additional courses/credits, books, housing, etc. How Does a Dual Degree Differ From a Double Major? You might be wondering how a dual degree differs from a double major. After all, both academic options allow you to study two fields at once, right? While that’s true, the two paths are actually quite different from each other. In a dual degree program, you're studying two (likely different) fields in order to earn two separate degrees. These are usually different types of degrees, too, such as a BA and a BS. However, with a double major, you're studying two related fields to earna single degree. This also means that you're receiving just one type of degree, such as a BA, BS, BFA, etc. Essentially,a double major is when you’re studying two fields in one degree program, and a dual degree is when you’re studying two fields in two separate degree programs. This is the biggest difference between a dual degree and a double major- but there are many more ways to distinguish the two options. For example, with double majors, a student's two majors are often housed in the same school or college and will grant you the same type of degree, such as a BS or BFA. In addition, a double major doesn’t typically require extra coursework (or at least not as much as a dual degree program does!) and can normally be completed within four years. You can read more about the similarities and differences between double majors and dual degrees in our in-depth dual degree vs double major guide. You'll get two of these when you graduate from a dual degree program. What Kinds of Dual Degree Programs Are There? Because there’s such a big array of majors and fields you can combine for a dual degree, it can be difficult to determine how many types of dual degree programs there actually are. The easiest way to categorize them is to look at them by the types of degrees they confer. We can therefore say that there are three main types of dual degree programs: Programs that confer two bachelor’s degrees Programs that confer a bachelor’s degree and a master's degree Programs that confer two graduate/professional degrees We look at each of these in more detail below. #1: Programs That Confer Two Bachelor’s Degrees This type of dual degree program, which awards two bachelor’s degrees, is fairly common and available at many universities in the US. With this program, you could earn any combination of bachelor’s degrees. Here are some of the most common bachelor's degrees conferred in undergraduate dual degree programs: Bachelor of Arts (BA) Bachelor of Science (BS) Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) Bachelor of Music (BM) Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Bachelor of Applied Science (BAS) As stated previously, the two bachelor’s degrees you choose to get in your dual degree program will most likely be based in different schools, so you’ll typically need to apply and be admitted to both schools in order to do the program. Not every university offers dual degree programs, so check with your university before you decide you want to do a dual degree. In addition, the options for dual degrees will vary depending on the university, so be sure that the specific combo of degrees you want is available at your school. The period during which you may apply for a dual degree program will vary depending on the university. Some schools allow you to apply for a dual degree before you even start college, whereas others will only let you apply after you’ve been in college for at least a year or two. The following chart lists some examples of popular universities offering dual degree programs that confer two bachelor's degrees: University Bachelor’s Degree Combos Offered Notes Boston University BA/BS, BA/BFA, BA/BM, BS/BFA, BS/BM Credit requirements vary. Open to specific major combos only. Brown University BA/BS Minimum 38 credits and 10 semesters (five years). Cornell University BA/BS in Engineering, BA/BFA in Art, BA/BS in Urban and Regional Studies Minimum 150 credits. Open to specific major combos only. Northwestern University BA/BS, BA/BM For BA/BS program, minimum 12 quarters and 42 credits. For BA/BM program, minimum 60 courses. Stanford University BA/BS Minimum 225 credits. University of Alabama BA/BS Minimum 30 additional credit hours. University of Denver BA/BS, BA/BFA, BS/BFA, BA/BM, BS/BM, BFA/BM, etc. Minimum 228 quarter hours. Many combinations of bachelor’s degrees possible. University of Maryland, Baltimore County BA/BA, BS/BS, BA/BS Minimum 150 credits. Note that combinations of same degree types are possible. University of Michigan BA/BS, BA/BFA, BA/BMA*, BA/BTA**, etc. Credit requirements vary. May choose an established program or create own. University of Notre Dame BA/BS Generally requires 45 additional credit hours. Five-year program. *BMA = Bachelor of Musical Arts **BTA = Bachelor of Theatre Arts Getting a master's degree = getting to wear a cool, colorful hood. (Illinois Springfield/Flickr) #2: Programs That Confer a Bachelor’s and a Master’s Degree The second type of dual degree program rewards you with a bachelor’s degree and a master’s degree, usually within five to six years. This program differs from the one described above in that you get to do graduate-level coursework while taking undergraduate classes. Upon graduation, you’ll receive both a bachelor’s degree anda master's degree. (With some dual degree programs, you’ll get your undergraduate degree first and then your graduate degree a year or so later.) These dual bachelor's/master's programs are popular because they can save you both time and money when it comes to a graduate-level education. Instead of having to finish your bachelor’s degree and then apply for a master’s, you can work on both degrees at the same time. This usually means you can have some classes count toward bothdegrees. Here are some of the most common types of bachelor’s and master’s degrees combined in dual degree programs: Bachelor of Arts (BA) Bachelor of Science (BS) Master of Arts (MA) Master of Science (MS) Master of Engineering (ME) Master of Public Policy (MPP) Master of Public Administration (MPA) Master of Business Administration (MBA) The chart below shows some examples of popular bachelor’s/master’s dual degree programs: University Bachelor’s and Master’s Degree Combos Offered Notes American University Varies Must have earned at least 75 credits in order to apply. Boston University BA/MA, BA/MS 144-160 credits required (varies depending on program). The George Washington University Varies Offers both joint programs (in which you earn both degrees at the same time) and dual programs (in which you earn your degrees at different times). Harvard University Liberal arts degrees (BA, BS, MA, MS, etc.) Limited to those with "at least five years of full-time, paid, professional work experience." Johns Hopkins University BS/MS in Engineering All students enrolled are awarded a half-tuition Dean’s Master’s Fellowship. New York University BA/MPA, BA/MUP*, BS/MUP Must be majoring in public administration or urban planning. Northwestern University Varies "Limited to certain degree programs within the University." Must submit a combined degree application to admitting program. Rochester Institute of Technology BS/MS, BS/ME, MBA Students may propose own dual degree program. University of Chicago BA/MA, BA/MAT**, BA/MPP, BA/MS, BS/MS Four- and five- year programs available. Credit requirements vary depending on program. University of Georgia BS/MS, Engineering/MBA, BBA/MAcc*** Limited to specific fields of study. *MUP = Master of Urban Planning **MAT = Master of Arts in Teaching ***MAcc = Master of Accountancy #3: Programs That Confer Two Graduate/Professional Degrees The third and final type of dual degree program is one that confers only graduate degrees. These can be a combination of two different master’s degrees or a master’s and a professional or doctoral degree. For example, several law schools offer dual degree programs so that students can earn a master’s or doctoral degree (usually in a field in which they want to practice law) along with their Juris Doctor (JD). While many universities offer formal dual degree graduate programs that dictate which programs/fields you can earn your two graduate degrees in, others allow students to create their own graduate-level dual degree programs. Here are some common graduate and professional degrees that can be combined in dual degree programs: Master of Arts (MA) Master of Science (MS) Master of Public Policy (MPP) Master of Public Health (MPH) Master of Business Administration (MBA) Master of Science in Engineering (MSE) Master of Social Work (MSW) Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Juris Doctor (JD) Doctor of Medicine (MD) Some of the most common degree combinations include MA/PhD, MS/PhD, MA/JD, MBA/JD, JD/PhD, and MPH/MD.Below are some examples of popular graduate-level dual degree programs: University Graduate Degree Combos Offered Notes Georgetown University Master’s/Master’s, MBA/Master’s, Master’s/JD, PhD/JD, Master’s/PhD, Master’s/MD, PhD/MD Limited to specific fields of study. Rutgers University Several combinations with JD, including MD, MA, MBA, MPH, PhD, MSW, etc. "A law student may create a dual-degree with another graduate degree offered by Rutgers or another institution." Stanford University JD/MBA, MA/MBA, MPP/MBA, MS/MBA, MD/MBA Credit requirements vary depending on program. Suffolk University MBA/JD, LLM*/JD, MPA/JD, MS/JD Limited to specific fields of study. Credit requirements and length of program vary. University of Arizona MAcc/MBA, MS/MS, MS/MBA, MS/JD, MA/JD, PhD/PhD, PhD/MD, PhD/JD, etc. Limited to specific fields of study. "Students cannot invent their own dual degrees." University of Cincinnati MBA/MS, MBA/MA, MBA/MSN**, JD/MA, JD/MBA, JD/PhD, etc. "The applicant must be accepted by both programs." University of Colorado Boulder MA/MBA, MS/MBA, MA/MA, MBA/JD, JD/PhD, JD/MD, MS/JD, JD/MPA, etc. Limited to specific fields of study. Credit requirements vary depending on program. University of Illinois Varies; includes combos with MA, MS, MArch, MBA, MPH, MSW, JD, PhD, MD, etc. "A student who wishes to enter a joint degree program must be admitted separately to each program as a joint degree candidate." University of Michigan Varies; includes combos with MA, MS, MPH, MPP, MUP, MBA, JD, PhD, MD, etc. Students may propose own dual degree program. University of Texas at Austin Master’s and professional degrees only; includes combos with MA, MS, MBA, MSE, JD, etc. Limited to specific fields of study. *LLM = Master of Laws **MSN = Master of Science in Nursing Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. The Pros and Cons of Dual Degree Programs Now that we’ve shown you what types of dual degree programs there are, let’s take a look at the biggest pros and cons of doing a dual degree program. Advantages of Getting a Dual Degree You’ll broaden your knowledge and skill sets. Perhaps the biggest benefit of a dual degree program is that you get to learn more and become an expert in more than one field of study. This can help you feel more fulfilled since you’ll be able to study both fields you’re interested in. You’ll have more choices in terms of potential career paths.Studying two fields equally means you’ll acquire lots of experience with and knowledge of them both. As a result, you'll have a higher number of relevant job options available to you after graduation. You’ll save money on a graduate degree. If you’re doing a combined bachelor’s/master's or graduate/graduate dual degree program, you’ll actually be saving money on what you would have spent had you pursued each degree separately. This is because most dual degree programs allow (and encourage) overlapping classes- i.e., classes that count toward both of your degrees. Disadvantages of Getting a Dual Degree You’re spending more time in school without stopping. For some people, this factor alone can be a deal-breaker. With a dual degree program, regardless of the types of degrees you’re pursuing, you’ll be spending more time in school without the chance to take a break and fit in some work experience. You’re spending more money at once. Even though you’ll likely be saving money in the long run by getting a dual degree, you still have to spend a lot of money upfront for things such as credits, tuition, and housing. It might not increase your earning potential. While a dual degree can broaden your career prospects, it doesn’t necessarily guarantee you'll earn a higher income than if you’d opted for a single degree. However, this depends a lot on what fields you’re studying and what degrees you’re getting (for example, there’s a big difference between getting two BAs and getting a JD and a PhD!). An equation we can all relate to. Is a Dual Degree Right for You? 4 Key Questions to Consider When it comes down to it, is a dual degree the best option for you? Here are four critical questions to ask yourself to help you figure out whether or not you should pursue a dual degree. #1: Are You Equally Interested in Two (Different) Fields of Study? If you’re not equally passionate about both fields you plan to study, a dual degree might not be the best choice for you. Remember that with a dual degree, you’re studying your two chosen fields equally- after all, you’re earning a degree in each! If you’re more interested in one field than you are in the other you want to study, consider making the latter a secondary field of study. You could do this by declaring it as a minor instead of a major if you're an undergrad, or by taking or auditing some classes in it if you’re a (prospective) graduate student. #2: Are You OK With Staying in School Longer? A dual degree program means you’ll typically be staying in college or grad school at least an extra year or two depending on the program you're doing and the degree types you’re getting. Therefore, it’s important for you to determine whether you’d rather spend this time doing more school or going out into the world and doing other activities such as working or traveling. Remember that even if you decide to forego a graduate dual degree program for now, you can always enter a grad program in the future at a later date! #3: Will Money Be an Issue? If money might pose a problem for you, a dual degree might not be a good idea since it'll require a lot of money outright (even though it technically saves you money in the long run, especially if you’re earning a bachelor’s degree and a master's degree or two graduate degrees). #4: Do You Have a Clear Plan for Your Future? Dual degree programs are solid options for those who have a clear plan for their future career and occupational desires. For example, if you want to be a lawyer who specializes in Chinese law, a dual degree program that earns you a JD and an MA in Chinese Studies would be an ideal combo that perfectly suits your professional aspirations. On the other hand, if you’re not entirely sure what you want to do with a dual degree or what kind of career you want to have after graduation, it might not be worth devoting several years and a lot of money to such a program. Recall thata dual degree does not ensure a higher salary, so it’s important that you’re willing to weigh these risks before deciding to enroll in a dual degree program. Recap: What Is a Dual Degree and Should You Get One? Dual degree programs are academic programs that confer two degrees at the same time. This can be a combination of two bachelor’s degrees, a bachelor’s and a master’s degree, or two graduate/professional degrees. Since you’re studying two (different) fields and earning two separate degrees, you’ll need to stay in school longer- usually an extra one to two years for an undergraduate dual degree program. Dual degrees have both advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, a dual degree lets you broaden your knowledge of two fields you’re equally passionate about, saves you money on grad school, and expands your career options. That being said, you will have to spend more time in school without a break and pay more money upfront for your education. A dual degree also won't necessarily increase your income potential. Ultimately, whether a dual degree is right for you depends on four main factors: Whether you’re equally interested in two (different) fields of study Whether you’re OK with staying in school for a longer period of time Whether money will pose a challenge for you Whether you have a clear plan for your future After reading this article, you should now have a much better idea of what a dual degree actually is and how it can benefit you. What’s Next? While you can get a dual degree that includes a Master of Arts in Teaching, is it necessary? Find out if you need a teaching degree in this article. A dual degree isn't the same as a double major. But just how are they different? Check out our extensive guide to dual degrees vs double majors to learn more about how the two options are different- and alike. Got questions about double majors instead? Then take a look at our expert guides on what a double major is and how you can get started on declaring one. Not sure what you want to major in? Don't worry! With our advice, you'll figure out what you should study as an undergrad in no time at all. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 14

Business Law - Essay Example ct to gain the protection of the law, it must satisfy the element of offer, acceptance, purpose to create legal representation, and there must be a consideration. Under the element of offer, a promisor invites a promisee to a responsibility and he makes it in such a way that he expects an acceptance from the promisee1. For example, person A offers to rent out his building to person X, for business purposes. In this example, â€Å"responsibility† is denoted by the building that person A wants to rent to person X, for business purposes. In acceptance, a promisee agrees to take up the responsibility offered by the promisor. For example, after person A offered to rent out his building to person X, person X agree to become a tenant under the conditions offered. This amounts to acceptance. For a contract to exist, it must be legally binding document. It must be recognizable by the law, and its provision acceptable by the legal principles of the nation. Finally, a valid contract must have some values exchanged, and this is termed as consideration. For instance, take our case above. He can pay either in cash, or through some valuable products. This paper also identifies the public, social and business issues that influenced the courts in their rulings. This paper has a conclusion, which is a summary of the main points addressed2. One key fact that relates to the enforceability of a contract is whether there is an element of substantial performance within a contract. This fact is better portrayed in the case involving, Jacob and Young vs. Kent (1921). In this case, the plaintiff did not build the house as per the contractual agreement with the defendant. However, the portion left was minimal, and redoing the work would have meant demolishing a large percentage of the whole building, and on this basis, the plaintiff refused to re-do it. The plaintiff won the case, as the court ruled that when there is a defect in contract performance, and it is minimal, then the concept of

Biodiversity Hotspots Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Biodiversity Hotspots - Essay Example While some of the plant and animal species in an ecosystem may be increasing in population, others may be actually decreasing or facing extinction (Bowen, P. 56). The fact that these species of plants and animals may soon become extinct is a wake-up call to the governments and other stakeholder organizations and individuals to multiply their biodiversity conservation and preservation efforts. In fact, for organisms such as insects, algae and fungi on which little are known compared to other larger organisms, more needs to be done to protect them from extinction (Bowen, P. 55). In addition, there are myriad larger animal species that face severe extinction threats and more should be done to preserve them. A community of plants and animals living together in a location and the various environmental processes and factors that directly and indirectly influence their lives is referred to as ecosystem. In other words, ecosystem refers to the elements that make biodiversity possible by supp orting the lives of animals and plants living in a community through the provision of valuable resources. For in instance, in an ecosystem, wetlands help in the cleaning of water, controlling of floods and filtering of toxic substances out of water bodies. Similarly, estuaries are nurseries for marine life while forests are the chief suppliers of oxygen and fresh water to an ecosystem besides their role in controlling soil erosion and levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (Bowen, P. 56). Student 1 Biodiversity Hotspot Biodiversity hotspot refers to a region or an area in which natural ecosystems that are fundamentally native and intact species or communities of living organisms are naturally well represented and supported. In other definitions, a biodiversity hotspot could be an area that is richly populated with locally endemic species of plants and animals, which in most cases, are not found in regions outside the said hotspot (Novacek, P. 89). Unfortunate for most of the bio diversity hotspots in the world today, many of the management practices at these spots do great compromise and harm to the ecological balance at these spots since they place the natural values and resources of these spots at risk. This risk is likely to increase if not checked, resulting in the decreasing or extinction of certain endangered species of living organisms. There is thus the need for active conservation management practices at all the world’s biodiversity hotspots to ensure the survival of endangered species of plants and animals. The only source of hope for most biodiversity hotspots in the world is that most of the natural values of these spots are quite intact and it will only require the formulation and implementation of conservation actions that would maintain and improve these natural values (Novacek, P. 97). Protecting and conserving biodiversity hotspots should therefore be the concern of everyone in the society, more so governments. In this context, gover nments must establish programmes that emphasize activities that would improve the conservation of hotspots on both private and communal/public land. Similar course of action should be initiated at all levels of the society: that is, at the local, national, regional and international scales. There are quite a number of renowned biodiversity hotspots in the world. Most common are the thousands of islands in the major oceans of the world such as the Indian, the Pacific

Summary In Your Own Words Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary In Your Own Words - Essay Example The music and instrument were used to pass the beliefs, traditions, and customs of a society from generation to another. Moreover, the different type of music genre were associated to different social group and relayed important messages pertaining such group. The artists that used to play music instrument in the early days had a thorough knowledge of the instruments that defined each geographic characterises, such as African music, Asia and European music. The Procortesian music, for example, was classified into different ways; these includes ritual, war, and hunting religious and imitative music. The way the flute play in Asia was different as was done in Africa though using the same instrument. The dancing also was unique and differed during different occasions (Music Pre-Cuauhtemoc Era). Music in the ancient time was not for everyone as it has a divine and spiritual origin. Chroniclers who talk about music says that those who engaged in it behaved well and had great discipline of their native language and customs. In conclusion, the indigenous music had its important characteristics which include the use of interludes and introductions, music started with a tune before beginning, there was thematic unity, melodic variety and the use of different and antiphonal (Music Pre-Cuauhtemoc

Driver For Change In Bbc Resources Management Essay

Driver For Change In Bbc Resources Management Essay Evaluate the importance of business processes in delivering outcomes based upon business goals and objectives P1.1 Describe the structure and culture of an organisation and evaluate the inter-relationships between the different processes and functions of an organisation P1.2 Identify the mission, aims and objectives of an organisation and analyse the effect of these on the structure and culture of the organisation. P1.3 Define the methodology to be used to map processes to the organisations objectives and functions and evaluate the output of the process and analyse quality gateways Learning Outcome 2: Develop plans for their areas of responsibility and implement operational plans P2.1 Develop plans which promote goals and objectives for own area of responsibility and ensure plans are consistent with legal, regulatory and ethical requirements P2.2 Use objectives which are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-based to align people and other resources in an effective and efficient way. P2.3 Prepare and agree implementation plans which translate strategic targets into practical efficient and effective actions. P2.4 Manage work activities to prevent ineffective and inefficient deviations from the operational plan through effective monitoring and control P2.5 Implement appropriate systems to achieve objectives and goals of the plan in the most effective and efficient way, on time and to budget and to meet organisational standards of quality. Learning Outcome 3: Design and monitor appropriate systems to ensure quality of product and services P3.1 Define the resources, tools and systems required to support the business process. P3.2 Define and implement quality audit systems/practice to manage and monitor quality to standards specified by the organisation and process operated. P3.3 Embed a quality culture to ensure continuous monitoring and development of the process. Learning Outcome 4: Manage health and safety in the workplace. P4.1 Carry out risk assessments as required by legislation, regulation and organisational requirements and ensure appropriate action is taken. P4.2 Identify health and safety regulations and legislation applicable in specific work situations and ensure these are correctly and effectively applied P4.3 Systematically review organisational health and safety policies and procedures in order to ensure they are effective and that they comply with the appropriate legislation and regulations P4.4 Ensure practical application of health and safety policies and procedures in the workplace. Learning Outcome 5: Improve organisational performance. P5.1 Monitor systems and work activities and identifyproblems and opportunities for improvement P5.2 Recommend improvements which align with the organisations objectives and goals and which result in a reduction in the variation between what customers and other stakeholders want and what products, processes and services deliver. P5.3 Identify the wider implications of proposed changes within the organisation P5.4 Plan, implement and evaluate changes within an organisation Please go through the case below and attempt tasks in the assignment. DRIVER for change in BBC resources Background. London Operations, part BBC Resources Ltd, provides studio, outside broadcast and post production facilities to customers both within and outside the BBC. It was hemorrhaging money at the rate of over  £ 7 million (c. $ 10 million) a year. It was overstaffed and locked into inefficient, outmoded work practices. Under Producers Choice, it was being increasingly ignored by BBC program makers who were going outside the corporation to obtain better terms for production facilities. Under political pressure, the Corporation was so concerned that it was considering selling off all or part of BBC Resources. The companys management required insight and plans to determine whether Resources Ltd could become competitive, and how it could rapidly implement the changes needed to transform the business from its current loss-making situation . Resources management carried out a program of improvement that began with a review of the London Operations to assess current performance, recomended the necessary steps to achieve profitability and to plan and implement the changes. A rigorous analysis of key drivers and levers for cost and performance was carried out. Core processess were identified and mapped and an approach to improvement was adopted, bringing together changes in people, technology and processes. Delivery and Support processes were appraised and simplified, current rules and assumptions governing these processess were challenged and opportunities for radical re-engineering highlighted. The review suggested ways in which the situation could be completly turned around. Resources management used these finidngs to support its case that the facilities should be kept in public ownership, and began a program of implementation of its recomendations to make the operations viable. The approach The approach taken was based around the DRIVER methodology The review suggested a number of improvements, for example reduced process waste, more efficient staffing, supplier rationalisation, improved seasonal management of facilities and customer billing accuracy. The recomendations were supported by rigorous benchmarking exercise within the industry. The review highlighted the many ways of doing business had simply grown up and turned into traditions. the approach taken showed that it was often valid to take a complete fresh look at the way work could be undertaken. This was all the more important since in some of London Operations, major jobs came round on a regular basis, and if a big saving could be made on Wimbledon coverage for example, that saving would be repeated in future years. The opportunities to improve were clear. reduced staffing, modified work practices and a general focus by the managers on the bottom line. Maintaining the new ways of working. One of the organisations key concern was that, although the proposals might be implemented initially, there would be gradual or indeed not so gradual return to old ways with inefficiencies returning and staffing levels rising again, especially through the employment of outside freelance staff. To combat this, a management structure was created that supported the new processess, defined the necessary role and responsibilities to successfully operate the new processes and develop a framework of balanced performance measures, to ensure that the overall performance of London Operations was visible to senior managers. As improvements and changes were implemented and as the senior management became more aware of commercial pressures it was recongnised that, for these changes to have any durability and long lasting impact on the business, it was vitally important that everyone in the organisation understood the part that they had to play in helping run the business around. Furthermore the management team needed to have a clear understanding of what they were doing, why there were doing it and how they needed to do it. To this end the senior management team indentified the need to understand and further develop the mission and vision for the business. Then to be able to cascade these down through the organisation, focussed around a small number of factors that were deemed critical to the achievement of the mission and vision. Mission and Vision Vision Turning Ideas into Reality Mission We will enrich the BBC creatively and financially by helping customers create the sounds of vision of the future. Relied upon for innovation, efficiency and service working with us will be inspirational and fun. Define the project Review the business baseline Identify Opportunities Verify the Opportunities Evaluate and plan implementation Review and Report (Figure C 1.0) DRIVER Methodology Page 02 of 06 Case Study / Scenario Defining measurable Objectives From the mission statement the key words were identified to form the basis for the development of strategic frame work: CASH , CREATIVITY , INNOVATION , SERVICE , EFFICIENCY Using these key words eight factors critical to the achievement of the mission were identified. 1. Skilled, Motivated and Flexible people. 2. Key talent that is industry recognised. 3. Focussed investment in products and services. 4. Profitable revenue growth. 5. Efficent and effective processess. 6. Effective customer relationships. 7. Strong leadership, clarity of direction and cooperation. 8. Industry recognised customer base. To help the business to remain focussed on the achievement of the eight critical factors a set of guiding principles were defined. (Figure C 2.0) Through a series of senior management workshops, the eight factors were further developed to indentify their key activities and performance measures. These performance indicators were then arranged into a balanced set of measures and appropriate targets for the comming year defined for each Sharing S . We will share in the sucess of our business. . Our sucess will be built on team work and cooperation. . We will develop mutually profitable partnerships with our customers based on trust. . Our sucess will be built on team work and cooperation. Partnerships P Equal Opportunities E . We will promote our role as an Equal Opportunity employer to all communities . We encourage open and regular communication throughout the business. Communication C Customer Customer satisfaction Survey Results. No. of Customer Complaints Resolved. Post Contract Review Results. Commendations Resulting in Awards. Strength of Cutomer Relationship. Market Profile Staff Utilisation Facilities Utilisation Quotation Turn-around Time Invoices Issued within 5 Days Processes Finance Return on Sales Return on Capital Employed Market Share external and internal Variance from Cash Flow Budget Performance to Investment Budget Staff Satisfaction survey Results % of staff Within Appraisal Process Turnover of Key Talent Number of Identified Leaders Within a Leadership development programme. Staff Turnover. Absence Rate People Figure C 3.0 Balanced Scorecard of Measures To assist in the development of these key activities, the senior management team used a CSF planning document. ( Figure C 4.0). One planning sheet is detailed for every measure for each CSF. The CSF itself defines what must be achieved. In the example Resources Must have skilled, motiovated and Flexible People. This is linked to one of the performance measures (KPI) and an appropriate description of what that KPI represents is provided. In addition the current performance is given, where applicable, together with its target. The bottom section of the document identifies how the KPI will be achieved. By doing this the business identifies the lower level of specific actions that should be held to achieve the specific sucess factor. Each of these actions is allocated an owner and a date for completion. CSF 1 We must have skilled, motivated and flexible people. Owner A.N. Other. No. KPI Definition Current Measure Target Due Date 1 June 2001 50% N/A Overall staff rating against satisfaction/motivation index Staff satisfaction survey results No. KPI No. Activity Current Measure Driver Measure Resp 1 1 Compile London Operations specific staff survey which asks staff to identify 3 priority issues that motivate/demotivate the. Ask staff to rate how well the business delivers on these issues. AN Other May Staff Satisfaction 1 2 Identify action plan to address these issues. Identify those issues within Studios, OBs and Post Production control and those outside our direct control AN Other July Staff Satisfaction 1 3 Communicate survey results and intended actions. AN Other August Staff Satisfaction 1 4 Implement communication plan to improve staff understanding about the direction of RES Ltd, recognise peoples value, encourages a sense of identity. AN Other July 1 Agree dates for follow up audit. AN Other August The activities that will take place to address the identified performance gaps. Figure C 4.0 CSF Planning document As the whats are cascaded down the hows, responsibility is likely to be cascaded down to the most appropriate level within the organisation. For example, The KPI is owned by a member of the senior management team, as are the 4 identified actions. However, these 4 actions, if cascaded to the next level of detail, would become the whats that would require their own series of hows to be defined and probably be owned functionally by a department or business unit. Implementation of these process allowed for a link to be created from the highest level of critical sucess factor right down to individual or team obejctives and goals. Furthermore it provides a means of feedback through the chain to the CSFs and enables performance to be monitored and aligned to corporate objectives. Achivemenets The project helped London Operations to dramatically enhance its understanding of the business and its performance and identified opportunities to reduce costs by nearly 20%, while maintaining levels o f customer satisfaction and market share. Furthermore the approach has led to these changes being locked into the future working of the business. Many attitutes have changed and barriers broken down to secure the future of Resources Ltd. The schedule for implementation was less than 18 months and the transformation in operations has made Resources Ltd. an attractive commercial proposition. Satisfaction with the approach towards the project can be measured by a number of yard sticks. BBC managers have acknowledged that the savings proposed are far greater than they had anticipated, even in their optimistic moments. One senior BBC manager commented that as a rule of thumb a restructuting exercise costing  £12 million (c. $ 18 m) would be expected to yield savings of around  £6 Millions (c. $9 m) a year in other words it should pay for itself within 2 years. The  £12 million (c. $18 m) resturctuting for London Operations, however, is set to impact the bottom line by over  £ 13 million (c. $20m) per year. This reflects the innovative and creative way in which the project was progressed. Direct feedback has been very positive. The project team were praised particulalry for their interpersonel skills in working with and involving staff, and for the continiously high levels of communications with management on the progress of the work. Senior management recognised and appreciated the Hardsoft approach that blends a rigorous establishment of the hard facts of the situation with a positive effort to communicate details to staff, involve them in the changes and generally build good relationships. Resources staff viewed these as the most inclusive project they had experienced. managers regarded the project as creative, innovative and practical, acheieving the support of employees and achieving benefits that other approaches had failed to do. Tasks Involved in respect to the Case Study / Scenario and Possible Evidence The case study is of BBC resources Limited, a group company of BBC Limited. BBC Resources is in the business of providing studio services to its customers, including BBC itself. BBC Resources has gone through a bad phase where it made losses, but now it seems to have turned around. Case study captures how the company went around turning its fortunes. With reference to the case study, carry out following tasks: Task 1: Describe the culture and structure of BBC resource before the turn around? How did it re-define its mission and objectives? Are these objectives SMART? What changes were made in the structure and culture? How did it go about identifying the processes which need to be worked upon to achieve its goals/objectives? Task 2: Describe the plan which BBC resources made to achieve its goals? How did it go about implementing the plan? How did it decide to monitor and control the plan? Task 3: What resources and tools did BBC Resources use to support the business processes? How did they monitor the quality of processes? What did they do to embed the quality culture? Task 4: What health and safety regulations are applicable to BBC Resources as per UK laws? What are the likely safety risks BBC resources need to worry about? What would you advise BBC Resources to ensure health and safety of its employees given the nature of the business? Task 5: What systems/processes has BBC Resources put in place to identify problems and opportunities for improvement? What were the outcomes of changes that BBC resources implemented? How do you evaluate the outcomes of what BBC Resources has already done for improvement? What are some of the un-anticipated implications of changes that BBC Resources introduced? What are some of the improvements that you would recommend to BBC resources? Grading Criterias MERIT DESCRIPTORS M1. Identify and apply strategies to find appropriate solutions M1.1 Effective judgements have been made M1.2 Complex problems with more than one variable have been explored M1.3 An effective approach to study and research has been applied M2. Select/ design and apply/ appropriate methods/ techniques M2.1 A range of methods and techniques have been applied M2.2 The selection of methods and techniques/ sources has been justified M2.3 Complex information/ data has been synthesized and processed M3. Present and communicate appropriate findings M3.1 The appropriate structure and approach has been used M3.2 Coherent, logical development of principles/ concepts for the intended audience M3.3 The communication is appropriate for familiar and unfamiliar audiences and appropriate media have been used  · Word Process the assignment using font Calibri, size 11 points and convert the same to PDF document before submission.  · Zero percentage (0%) Plagiarism is allowed in your work, however referenced material should be appropriately quoted.  · Use the Harvard Referencing System for referencing and provide complete bibliography.  · Complete the title page and sign the statement of authenticity in your work submission.  · Use Business Report format while creating your case portfolio.  · Do not wait for the last date to submit your work, if you fail to submit in time, no extension would be provided. Important Instructions. Other Notes (if any) Grading Criterias DISTINCTION DESCRIPTORS D1. Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and justify valid conclusion D1.1 Conclusion have been arrived at through synthesis of ideas and have been justified D1.2 The validity of results has been evaluated using defined criteria D1.3 Realistic improvement have been proposed against defined characteristics for success D2. Take responsibility for managing and organising activities D2.1 Autonomy/ independence has been demonstrated D2.2 Substantial activities, projects or investigation have been planned, managed and organised D2.3 The important of interdependence has been recognised and achieved D3. Demonstrate convergent/ lateral/ creative thinking D3.1 Ideas have been generated and decisions taken D3.2 Self evaluation has taken place D3.3 Convergent and lateral thinking have been applied